Copyright 2000-2013 and beyond

All Rights Reserved

Efineantiques, Sharon Dickinson, and Sharon Dickinson Fine Antiques

Factory pictures provided by Rainer Swiderski of Hamburg, Germany

All information, research, and pictures on this page and elsewhere on our website may not be copied or reproduced without our permission

Carl Schumann Porcelain Factory, AG

(original founding name in 1881 was Schumann & Riess)

Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany

c. 1881-1994

Founded in 1881 by Christian Heinrich Schumann (1822-1884)

Heinrich and Christiana Schumann's 4th and youngest child was Carl Schumann I (1871-1926)

Heinrich named Carl I as his sole heir to the Schumann factory**

At Heinrich's passing in 1884, his wife Christiana Schumann (1838-1928) took charge of the factory

Factory was renamed Carl Schumann & Co. c.1892 (Carl's 21st birthday)

Christiana turned the factory over to Carl I in 1896

Factory was converted to a corporation (AG) on July 19, 1923, and became Carl Schumann Porzellanfabrik AG

Carl Schumann I passed in 1926

Carl Schumann II (1898-1975) became successor to Carl I

Carl II studied in America in the1920's and founded the Schumann China Corporation of New York

The Schumann China Corporation distributed Schumann products in the U. S. in the early 1930's (possibly late 1920's)

Carl II resigned in 1961 and was succeeded by Carl III

Carl III resigned in 1981 and was succeeded by another branch of the family

The business was reorganized, but was eventually sold to investors in 1990

It finally closed in 1994.

**Heinrich and Christiana Schumann's second child was Christopher (1864-1916) and has on occasion been confused as being the founder of the Carl Schumann factory in Arzberg, as well as confused as being the father of Carl.  That is not true according to an excellent and thorough source we've found.  Christian Heinrich Schumann, the father of both Christopher and Carl, was the founder of what came to be called the Carl Schumann Porcelain Factory in Arzberg.  Christopher and Carl were brothers.  Carl, the youngest, was obviously the favored child because of his interest in the business and was named by his father, Heinrich, as sole heir to the Schumann factory.  Following the passing of Heinrich (the father) in 1884 and during the years that Christiana (the mother) managed the factory, Christopher decided to leave the family business in 1887 and start his own factory, also in Arzberg.  His efforts were short-lived, however, when by 1891 he sold out to Lehmann, the founder of what eventually became Porcelain Factory Arzberg.   In the meantime, Christopher had married into the very old and very wealthy Schreider family who were great land owners in the city of Schwarzenhammer.   Christopher eventually went into business with his father-in-law, Karl August Schreider, and in 1905 established the Schumann and Schreider Porcelain Factory in Schwarzenhammer.

Click here for a very interesting story about Johanna Schumann, wife of Carl II

You'll find on this page information I've been accumulating about the Carl Schumann Porcelain Factory of Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany.  I undertook this project a few years ago as a service in response to the many questions I started receiving about Schumann.  In fact, at this point, it has taken on a life of its own and has grown far beyond anything I expected.  I literally receive numerous e-mails from various parts of the world on a daily basis about Schumann.  I welcome those e-mails and appreciate each and every one of you who send us your family stories and pictures of your beautiful Schumann.  I've even heard from a few families who (both they and their Schumann) thankfully survived Hurricane Katrina.  Thanks to each of you for sharing your family history and experiences.

As I progress and learn more, I continue to research, revise our opinions, and update this information.  Please remember this is only an attempt to piece together an ongoing puzzle and nothing is guaranteed or set in stone.  Please forgive any mistakes in my assumptions, as I'm quite certain there are many.

Please contact us if you can help in the least way. 

I welcome all e-mails, even if it's just to say you appreciate what you have found and have learned from it -- I've received many, many such comments.  Thank you.  Knowing that I have helped others in some small way makes worthwhile all the many hours, days, months, and years that we have devoted to this project.

Scroll down this page for our ongoing comments which I have tried to group in logical order by topic, beginning with Factory Dates.  Following our ongoing general comments, you will eventually come to our Tables of Schumann Marks and Patterns, which I hope you find to be a good visual for researching your Schumann.

Read on -- I hope you find this as interesting as I have.

The Schumann Factory was first established in 1881 in Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany, and finally ceased production in 1994.  Early in my research, I found a German website and have e-mail communication that confirms the 1994 closing date (see footnotes 6 and 7 below)

Although the factory shut down in 1994, a Schumann factory outlet stayed open for approximately another 10 years in Arzberg, apparently for the purpose of selling off what was left of the Schumann inventory.  I am told that the outlet finally closed in 2004 or early 2005 -- a sad final note in the history of this great old porcelain factory.⁽⁵⁴⁾

 Ebeling & Reuss of Philadelphia/ Devon/Allentown, Pennsylvania, were the exclusive American importers of Schumann beginning in the late 1940's.  I do have indication that they imported Schumann under the name Erphila prior to World War II (back into the 1930's or even earlier) but I don't know if they were exclusive importers at that time.

I have in my possession an assortment of old E & R brochures, ads, and pamphlets from the late 1940's, 1950's, and 1960s,  all of which have been tremendously helpful in dating some of the Schumann patterns.

The E & R ads from the late 1940's are advertising the many Schumann patterns they were importing at that time.  The earliest ad I have is dated January 1948 and is promising immediate delivery after January 1, 1948, although this ad does not specify the particular patterns to be imported.  However, an August 1949 E & R ad is advertising specific patterns, including the popular Empress Dresden and Chateau Dresden.  The ad is also identifying them as being made in U. S. Zone Germany, which is referring to the years 1945-49 when Bavaria was occupied by the U. S. after the end of World War II.  I don't know what mark, if any, E & R was using at that time.  I have yet to find an E & R mark of any kind on any of the U. S. Zone pieces.

For example, I have direct information regarding a set of Empress that was purchased brand new in 1948 in Pennsylvania, though not necessarily through E & R -- the exact origin of purchase is unknown to the current family member, although it does seem logical that E & R might have been the source.⁽⁵⁹⁾  That set does not have an E & R mark at all, but is marked U. S. Zone.  Either E & R was not marking at that time, or the set came into the U.S. through another channel (see ** paragraphs in the American Market section below for possible options, as well as Footnote 2C found after the Table of Marks below).

The E & R blue Golden Crown mark, frequently found on Schumann china, was apparently not used until the 1950's.  It is shown in reference books as having been put into use beginning in 1955.  However, I have a copy of an Ebeling & Reuss pamphlet dated 1954 which came with a set of Schumann Platinum Elegance purchased new in 1954 and does have the Golden Crown mark (see footnote 15 below), although the pamphlet itself does not illustrate the mark.  Whether or not the Golden Crown mark goes back any further than 1954, I don't know.

As to how long the E & R blue Golden Crown mark was used on Schumann China, the DMA (Dallas Museum of Art book discussed in American Market section below), page 289, says that E & R dropped many of its European lines in 1976 because of economic issues in Europe, as well as economic problems within E & R itself.   I am, therefore, adjusting my dates accordingly and assume that any Schumann with the E & R mark is dated 1976 or earlier, although actual distribution to the public might not have occurred until much later, as inferred in Footnotes 3A and 38 below.

E & R imported other product lines besides Schumann and did use a variety of marks back through the years.  As already mentioned earlier in this section, I know they were importing European wares prior to World War II under the name Erphila,   but I am not sure if they imported Schumann at that time.  I have suspected that they did and now have evidence indicating that might have been the case -- read Footnote 86 below.

If any one of you out there has anything, Schumann or otherwise, with E & R marks of any kind that you can date (through family history or otherwise) prior to 1955, please e-mail me.

Ebeling & Reuss is still in business today in Pennsylvania, but has been purchased by a large corporation.  I have tried unsuccessfully to find a current and working e-mail or phone number for E & R, so if anyone can help with that, please let me know.

(More comments about E & R in the American Market section below)

Some of the More Popular Patterns
OLD Dresden (straight edge solid rim)	Empress Dresden (scalloped edge solid rim)	Chateau Dresden (scalloped edge reticulated rim)	Forget-Me-Not (scalloped edge solid rim)	Chalet Forget-Me-Not (scalloped edge reticulated rim)

I have come to believe that pattern names, with or without the E & R importer's mark, were probably added by the Schumann factory for the most part for the American market, though not 100%.  A good example of an exception is "Vergissmeinnicht" (German for Forget-Me-Not) having been found on pieces that have either stayed in Europe or were purchased in Europe and brought here later.  The design is, however, totally different than the FMN known here in America. 

As you study the table of marks below, you'll see numerous examples of pattern names that were obviously added after-the-fact.  Many appear to be older pre-existing pieces that were most likely manufactured pre-1945 but not distributed until after the war ended in 1945.

Regarding some of the more popular Schumann patterns, I believe the Chateau Dresden pattern ceased (read more below) in the 1960's and the Empress Dresden pattern in the 1980's (we have communicated with someone who purchased a complete set of new Empress in the early 1980's from a local jewelry store who had to special order the set directly from the factory in Germany).

 The *Chateau Dresden and *Chalet Forget-Me-Not patterns are shown in the 1961 E& R brochure, but are both missing from the 1965-66 brochure, which indicates that the Chateau and Chalet patterns most likely did cease production somewhere between 1961 and 1965. 

*Chateau is the reticulated (pierced rim) version of the Dresden Flowers and is complementary to the Empress solid rim dinnerware.

  *Chalet is the reticulated (pierced rim) version of the Forget-Me-Not and is complementary to the FMN solid rim dinnerware.

I have no information so far about the actual beginning dates for any of these patterns, except our marks shown below, as well as our old E & R ads, show that the Empress Dresden and Chateau Dresden patterns, as well as the Chalet Forget-Me-Not all go back at least as far as the 1940's when the U. S. Zone mark was used (1945-1949, the years when the U.S. occupied Bavaria, Germany, just after World War II). 

At this point, I believe that the Empress and Chateau were both in existence prior to 1945, although they might not yet have been named as such.  Just how far back the Empress actually goes, I don't know.  As for the Chateau, I have bought and sold numerous "Chateau" pieces that were clearly Chateau and clearly, based on the marks, from the 1920's-30's era, but were not identified as Chateau.

The more I study the marks, the more I am convinced of the pre-1945 existence of both patterns.  In fact, in support of my belief are the old E & R ads of 1949 which refer to both Empress and Chateau as being "...generations old, yet ever appealing..."  Empress is also referred to as "...truly Schumann's Masterpiece..." and "Carl Schumann's famous old-world Dresden decoration -- never changed since it was first introduced generations ago....our finest pattern..."

The Forget-Me-Not solid rim version (not Chalet) is yet another mystery.^{(3A, 21, 38)}  My oldest documentation for it is the December 1952 E & R ad which shows it among the patterns available at that time.  I believe it probably goes back even further.  I don't know for certain how long the it was in production, although I know it was still in production into the 1960's.  My two old E & R pamphlets, one dated 1961 and one dated 1965-66, both show the Forget-Me-Not solid rim as being one of Schumann's "latest masterpieces."  I've also heard from a couple who purchased a brand new set in 1980⁽³⁸⁾; I believe that set was probably old inventory and probably no newer than around 1976.  As mentioned above, E & R dropped many of its European lines in 1976 because of economic issues, so I assume that any Schumann with the E & R mark is no newer than around 1976, regardless of how long it took to reach the end consumer.

The red crown mark and all of its many variations has turned into quite a challenge all by itself as to exactly when it may have first been used by Schumann.  However, we do have a few developments:

(1)I have indication that one form of the red crown mark (with only the words "Schumann Bavaria") was apparently used as far back as 1918.  This belief is based on information from Kenny Sugarman of Douglas, Arizona.  He has in his possession a portrait plate (shown below in our table of patterns) that was handed down to him from his father; Kenny's father received the plate directly from an aunt and uncle who told him it was one of their wedding gifts; he said they were married in New York somewhere around 1918 -- they are basing this date on the age of the oldest child of that couple.  That portrait plate has the red crown mark.  Kenny, thanks to both you and your father for this helpful information!! 

(2)In support of Kenny's information above, Barb VanderRoest of Amherst Nova Scotia Canada, also has a beautiful portrait plate (shown below in our table of patterns) similar to Kenny's and with the same red crown mark with only the words "Schumann Bavaria."  It is the surviving plate of a pair that originally belonged to her grandmother in Nova Scotia.  Barb's mother, born in 1920, remembers the plates as a very young child.  She was told that she broke the second plate when she was a toddler.  Barb, thanks for being willing to share such interesting and valuable information!!

(3)I have also heard from a lady who has some Schumann Wild Rose Blush pieces with the red crown mark and only the words Wild Rose and Schumann Arzberg Germany.  They were given to her in 1983 by a client who was then in her 80's and said they were from pre-war Germany and that she inherited them from her mother who was from Germany.  This helps to further verify the older age of the red crown mark.

(4)Yet another piece of information is from Dmitry in Brooklyn, New York, who has a set of an early version of the Wild Rose pattern with the red crown mark.  They originally belonged to a lady who fled Nazi Germany in the 1930's and brought the dishes with her at that time.

As you study the red marks (as well as the others) in the tables below, you'll see that I have tried to group them as much as possible according to the various combinations of words of origin in the mark.  For example, (1)Bavaria; (2)Bavaria Germany; (3)Germany; (4)Arzberg Bavaria; (5)Arzberg Bavaria Germany; and so on -- you see how complicated this is.  As you will notice below, even the placement and order of the same words vary from mark to mark.  Why such inconsistency??? -- we don't know.

Notice also that the words are either (1) part of the original mark; or (2) were added at a late time.  For those that were obviously added at a later time, I have displayed them in contrasting colors to make it easier in trying to study and distinguish the differences in the marks and the progression of their use.

In summary, I have tried to organize all the marks in priority order by (1)Style; (2)Color; (3)Words; (4)Order of Words; (5)Placement of Words; (6)circa Dates.

A little summary of Bavarian History which I have read from a variety of sources is the basis for many of my dating assumptions about the wide variety of Schumann marks, many of which seem to have overlapped with one another as to years of use.  Marion Weinreich of Hamburg, Germany, a retired history teacher, has been of tremendous help to me in sorting out this complicated history.  For our purposes here, we've tried to streamline it as much as possible:

1806-1871 = Bavaria was an independent kingdom

1871-1918 = Bavaria became a part of the newly formed German Empire in 1871

1918-1933 = Bavaria was one of the individual states inside the newly formed

Federal Republic of Germany following WW I

1933-1945 = Bavaria and others lost state status to Nazi Germany

1945-49 = Bavaria in U. S. Zone of Germany following WW II

1949-1990 = Bavaria part of West Germany**

1990-Present = Germany reunited

Bavaria is currently the largest state in Germany.

**Germany was divided into East and West in 1949 following World War II.

FRG = Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)

GDR = German Democratic Republic (East Germany)

(Source:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West Germany and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German Democratic Republic)

As I learn more, I continue to make revisions.  I also continue to ask such questions as -- why did Schumann have so many different versions of marks and why did they apparently overlap with one another??; what do the numbers mean??  This continues to be complicated and intriguing.  You will see that I continue to add many notations along with the marks; I do that just as much for myself as for my viewers.

One thing you will notice are my comments that some words (U.S. Zone for example, as well as pattern names) were obviously added to pre-existing pieces -- inferring that there were pieces that survived the war.  Before you immediately say that everything was destroyed in the war, I had e-mail communication with someone a few years ago who had incredible knowledge of Schumann and how they managed to protect their china during the war.  I won't go into detail here because I have lost touch with that person (the e-mail is no longer active).  If you are reading this and you are that person, please e-mail me.  I have withheld pertinent details here which only you will know.  I will maintain your confidentiality if you wish, or credit you here with your permission,  Please contact me.

I have also communicated with someone who told me about being stationed in Germany during the early 1950's and buying Dresden from a shop owner who told him that many of the Dresden pieces just then coming on the market had been crated and buried during World War II in order to protect them.  He told me he bought the pieces to ship back to the U.S. for his mother.  His information has confirmed what I suggested in the footnotes below about the possibility of Schumann entering the U.S. through the military, even into the 1950's, thereby bypassing importers and retailers and their related marks.**  He has also reconfirmed what I just discussed above about porcelain pieces having survived the war and distributed later.

**In support of the previous paragraph, we now have a wonderful book (already mentioned in another paragraph above) from the Dallas Museum of Art called "China and Glass in America, 1880-1980, From Tabletop to TV Tray."  Page 231 of this book discusses the large volumes of fine quality china that were distributed through the Military PX's in Germany beginning just after the end of World War II and continuing through the 1950's.  This method bypassed the American importers and retailers and also their related marks.  However, in 1961, the U S. government started requiring the PXs to go through American importers to acquire their products.

 **Page 231 also discusses another option for entry of Schumann china into the U.S. -- through the Department of Commerce and a special division called U. S. Commercial Company (USCC) which was created specifically for the purpose of exporting 50% of the porcelain production of Germany.  The U. S. was the primary consumer of that 50%.  The remaining 50% of Germany's porcelain production was divided between the U. S. Military PX's (25%) and the German citizens (25%).  (Source:  "China and Glass in America, 1880-1980, From Tabletop to TV Tray" by the Dallas Museum of Art, page 231)

Also of interest in the book is page 289 which is devoted to a lengthy discussion of the importer Ebeling and Reuss.  We don't know if the USCC worked through E & R or independent of them.  Perhaps E & R took up where the USCC ended -- we don't know.  What we do know is that E & R was importing Schumann china as least as early as January 1, 1948, as documented by our old E & R ads and which we have already discussed several paragraphs above.

If you wish to purchase this book, it's available through the DMA Museum Store.  This book is well worth the money and gives a great insight into the history of china in America and the European connection.

As to who marketed Schumann to the end-consumer in the U.S., we have interesting e-mails with information that Schumann was apparently being sold by Marshall Field in Chicago and Gump's in San Francisco as far back as the 1930's.⁽⁷⁶⁾  We also now know that Alfred Orlik had a shop on Madison Avenue in New York as early as 1940 and perhaps earlier.  We have an October 1940 issue of House Beautiful magazine with an Alfred Orlik ad for an English breakfast set.  The Orlik name in the ad is in the exact same style as the one found on hand painted Schumann Forget-Me-Not plates that have the Schumann U. S. Zone mark which dates to 1945-1949.  Apparently Orlik was a china retailer before and after World War II.  Just how long he was in business, we don't yet know.  No doubt other high-end department stores, jewelry stores, and china shops across the country were also marketers for Schumann.  We have recently received information that J. C. Penney was yet another retail source for Schumann in the 1950's.

  Prior to World War II, Schumann acted as its own importer and distributor and operated 1931-1941 under the name Schumann China Corporation of New York.  According to the DMA book mentioned above, Schumann was sold under the brand names "Dresdner Art China" and "Schumann Bavaria" during those years of 1931-1941.  As to how Schumann was imported and distributed prior to 1931, we don't yet know.

After the war, E & R became the exclusive U. S. importer of Schumann with showrooms in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, and Los Angeles.  They eventually added showrooms in Dallas, Atlanta, Denver, Minneapolis, Cleveland, and Detroit.  Warehouses were in Philadelphia and Pasadena.

Anyone who can add additional information is welcome to e-mail me to help make this more accurate and complete.  Friendly, helpful e-mails are always welcome.  Thanks to each of you who continue to write to me with additional pieces to this puzzle.  I will credit you by name, city, state, and country unless you request otherwise.  If you wish to remain anonymous, I will honor that request.

More information on the way as I have time!!

Copyright Notice

All photographs on this page, unless otherwise noted, as well as photographs on the rest of our website were made by me from actual pieces we currently own or have owned in the past and may not be copied or used by others without our prior permission.**

Copyright 2000-2012 and beyond

All Rights Reserved

Efineantiques, Sharon Dickinson, and Sharon Dickinson Fine Antiques

Submissions and Permission

**For research purposes, I do accept and post selected pictures of marks and patterns which have been contributed to me by others.  Those pictures are also protected under my copyright notice.  Appropriate credits have been given in my footnotes.

By your submission, you are granting me permission to publish your pictures, information, and questions should I so choose and as I so choose, whether  in this format or other published formats by Sharon Dickinson, unless you state otherwise at the time of your submission.  Please be sure to tell me how you would like to be acknowledged for your contributions -- by full name or by initials only, or even anonymous, although I do prefer first and last names in this particular section.  I also like to know your general location such as city, state, country, region, etc.  I will honor your wishes and appreciate your help.

The approximate dates of the marks are based on various popular reference books, although many of them offer conflicting information as to the dates, as well as based on my own speculation and assumptions based on dates of similar marks and on information I have gathered from family histories of those with whom I have corresponded across the country and in person (see footnotes below).

You will probably notice some variations in spelling, such as Dresdener, Dresdner, Dresden.  No, those are not typos, but just variations of the many Schumann marks.

I continue to adjust dates as I learn more.

A very early Schumann mark (not sure which Schumann)  See Footnote 35 for more details.

I see this mark identified quite frequently as Christopher Schumann and misidentifying him as the father of Carl.  Christopher WAS NOT the father of Carl.  He was Carl's brother.  Please be sure to read Footnote 35 below for more details.

Same as previous marks except for the added Dresden Flowers.

Please be sure to read Footnote 35 below for more details.

Same as previous mark except for color, so I assume the same time frame.

Please be sure to read Footnote 35 below for more details.

1724 - 3-17

∆ Dresden

Same as previous mark except for unusual additives.  The Dresden mark was possibly a decorating studio in Dresden, Germany.  Be sure to read Footnote 53 below.

Please be sure to read Footnote 35 below for more details.

To Mrs. Fern Wendt From Mrs. T. C. Meyers Xmas 1914

Handwritten and dated inscription found on a set with a combination of both the red and green CS marks.  Be sure to read Footnote 62 below.

Please be sure to read Footnote 35 below for more details.

All words printed in same style

Kovel's, page 144, dates this mark to c. 1918 to ??

However, it appears this mark must have been used as early as 1910, based on information regarding a 1910 wedding gift.  

(Be sure to read Footnotes 64 and 64A below.)

Notice the difference in style of this mark, includ the black color.

Based on the new information at left, could this one also be 1910??

Paired with a green triangular mark shown below.

Paper label on back of an old brooch.

Schumann Porzellan

Germany

Paper label on back of an old brooch.  Orange label, gold mark.  Germany stamped in black, probably at a later time.

All words printed in same style.

This is the first evidence I have of Arzberg being part of the old blue mark.

All words printed in same style.

All words printed in same style.

Appears to be a forerunner of Dresdner Art China shown below.

Notice the difference in style of this mark, including the black color.  Paired with a green triangular Bavaria mark.  

Another example of the unknown triangle mark (63A)

FOREIGN

The added word "Foreign" as part of the mark infers the ware was made by Schumann for export outside Germany.

14768 D

This mark found on a beautiful figural plate very similar to those that have the Eleanor Bavaria mark, so believe it may also be an Eleanor, though not marked as such.

The numbers are probably a pattern number.

BAVARIA

V

The blue crown BAVARIA V mark we assume is a decorator's mark.

I have seen a large V with other German marks besides Schumann, but don't know what it means.  E-mail if you know.

  Bavaria Schumann

Bavaria V

Blue crown mark like the next two marks except with the added V.  We assume these blue crowns are decorator marks.

Found on dishes dating to before 1942.

Handmalerei is German for hand painted. 

Schott is probably the decorator.

We assume the blue crown is a decorator's mark.

Handmalerei is German for hand painted. 

Riehl is probably the decorator. 

We assume the blue crown is a decorator's mark.

Bavaria Schumann

Same wording on both marks.  Shield mark at left is whiteware manufacturing mark.   Crown mark at right is decorating mark.

Found on a small plate with military emblems.  Be sure to read Footnote 88.

EDGERTON

The Edgerton mark is one of the decorating marks used by Pickard China in Chicago, Illinois, during the years 1928-38.

This serves as evidence that this old blue Schumann mark was used on whiteware sent to America. 

ELEANOR BAVARIA

Eleanor was possibly an exporter in Bavaria.

ERPHILA

This is presumably for Ebeling and Reuss and possibly one of its earliest marks, though not documented until now as far as we know since we haven't been able to find it in any of the many books we have.

(Be sure to read Footnote 86 below)

Hand Painted HLH 1932

Printed mark in same style as old 1918 blue mark, except this one is green.  The signature and date of the decorator confirms our earlier belief that the green version is a whiteware mark.  Though decorated in 1932, the blank wares would have been manufactured much earlier.

Printed mark in same style as old 1918 blue mark, except this one is green and obviously a whiteware mark.

Be sure to read Footnote 85 below.

A. A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh, Made in Germany, Richard G. Krueger, N.Y., Fully Protected U.S. Pat. Off., Stephen Slesinger Inc.

*The stamped Germany was probably added to pre-existing pieces  in 1933 or later after Bavaria lost its independence to Germany. 

Bavaria Schumann

Made in Bavaria

Bridal Chain

Appears to be a forerunner to the Royal Dresdner red marks below and probably old inventory carried over to the 1930's for distribution in America.

Dresdner Art China was a brand name used in  late 1920's-1930's by New York-based  Schumann China Corporation which existed specifically for distribution of Schumann products in the U.S. during that era.

Schumann Bavaria Germany

*The second mark was obviously a replacement for another mark that was ground out.

*The stamped Germany was probably added to pre-existing pieces in 1933 or later after Bavaria lost its independence to Germany.

These ground out marks were found in the same tea set, so I am displaying them here side-by-side.

Schumann Germany

*Bavaria was obviously ground out.  A barely visible Germany is stamped at the far right.  This was probably done in 1933 or later after Bavaria lost its independence to Germany.

These ground out marks were found in the same tea set, so I am displaying them here side-by-side.

Just like some of the other old blue crown marks that follow, except it only has the one word -- no additives as you see in the others.

Just like some of the other old blue crown marks that follow, except it only has the two words -- no additives as you see in the others.

Schumann Bavaria

Bavaria is stamped, not printed, and in a different style than next mark and was apparently added at a later time.

Schumann Bavaria

The writing on the back of the plate with this mark leaves no doubt as to the 1924 date, which agrees with the reference noted in Footnote 36 below.  Bavaria is stamped and not printed and in different style than previous mark.

Same as the next mark except Bavaria not included at all.

Floating Crown

c.1924-Pre-WW II?? (36)

c.1930-Pre-WW II?? (20)

c.1940's-50s??? (99)

Schumann Dresden Bavaria

Same as previous mark except for the stamped Bavaria which was apparently added at a later time.  Below is yet another variation:

Double-marked with the old blue mark put into use c.1918, at time of   manufacture, and the gold mark, probably applied at time of decoration and probably in the 1930's.

Not really sure about this mark, but am putting it here for now.  I have come to believe this is more likely to be c.1940's-50's

Floating Crown

Dresdner Art China Schumann Made in Bavaria 12398

Both marks are in the style of the old blue mark that dates back to at least 1918.

The gold Dresdner Art mark was added at a later time and appears to be yet another variation of the ones used by Schumann China Corporation of New York who distributed Schumann products 1931-1941 in the U.S.

The number 12398 may be a pattern number.

Dresdner Art China, Betsy Ross

(Notice the two spellings of Dresdener/Dresdner)

Betsy Ross must be a pattern or series name

Old blue mark that dates back to at least 1918. 

The Dresdner Art mark was added at a later time and appears to be a variation of one used by Schumann China Corporation of New York who distributed Schumann products 1931-1941 in the U.S.

Dresdner Art China, Betsy Ross

Betsy Ross must be a pattern or series name.

Old blue mark that dates back to at least 1918.

The Dresdner Art mark was added at a later time and  appears to be a variation of one used by Schumann China Corporation of New York who distributed Schumann products 1931-1941 in the U.S.

Old blue mark that dates back to at least 1918.

Like the two previous marks, but with the added word Royal

  The Royal Dresdner Art mark was added at a later time between 1931 and 1941 by Schumann China Corporation of New York who distributed Schumann products 1931-1941 in the U.S.

All words printed in same style. This is the mark of Schumann China Corporation of New York who distributed Schumann products 1931-1941 in the U.S.

Only the words Made in Bavaria, without Germany.

Schumann Bavaria Pat.No.18450 Garland

Added patent numbers, as well as double-marked.  Gold mark is old Schumann decorating mark.

None Genuine Without This Trade Mark

Unusual added wording.

The stamped Germany may have been added to pre-existing pieces in 1933 when Bavaria lost its independence to Germany.

Floating Crown

All words printed in same style.  This mark is the first indication I  have that the red crown mark was possibly used as early as 1918 -- read Footnotes 11 and 11A below.

(Found on an old portrait plate.)

All words printed in same style.

Similar to previous mark, except top of crown is slightly different.

(Found on a Dresden Swags cup and saucer)

Possibly a decorating mark

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Found on what is apparently an advertising piece for Schumann (see next column) with an added handwritten Ebeling and Reuss.

This red mark is on both the front side and the back side.

Be sure to notice the additional odd mark in the middle of the ad piece in the next picture.

Schumann China, Famous All Over the World, Bavaria Schumann

EBELING & REUSS PHILADELPHIA

I think this is probably from after the war and that Ebeling & Reuss added their name when they resumed importing Schumann to the U.S. just after the war ended in 1945. 

  Dresden Line is pattern or series name -- appears to have been added later, possibly around 1950 or so to pre-existing pieces that were probably manufactured pre-1945.

 I think the pattern names were probably added for the American market after the war.

GERMANY added in gold apparently at a later time.

(Found on a Betsy Ross reticulated bowl)

The stamped in black Germany US ZONE appears to have been added to pre-existing pieces in 1945 just after WW II.

No pattern name added., but found on a Chateau plate and various Empress pieces.

The stamped in green Germany US ZONE appears to have been added to pre-existing pieces in 1945 just after WW II.

No pattern name added., but found on an Empress Coffee pot and other assorted Empress dinner set pieces.

Schumann Bavaria Germany US ZONE

The stamped in gold Germany US ZONE appears to have been added to pre-existing pieces in 1945 just after WW II.

No pattern name added., but found on assorted Empress dinner set pieces.

Printed mark all in same style

(Found on a Dresden Swags reticulated plate and Empress flat cups and saucers)

"CHATEAU" in black appears to have been added at a later time.

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market.

Notice the word "CHATEAU" is printed upside down.  This is further evidence that the pattern name was added at a later time.

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market.

"EMPRESS" stamped in black appears to have been added at a later time.

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market and possibly by the American importer E & R.

"Heirloom"

Heirloom appears to have been added at a later time, possibly for the American market and possibly by the American importer E &R.

This mark came from a set  that also included pieces without the U. S. Zone mark and with the words "Schumann Germany."

Be sure to read Footnote 83 below.

 Germany is worn. "CHATEAU" in black appears to have been added at a later time, probably after the war to pre-1945 inventory. 

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market.

"EMPRESS" appears to have been added at a later time, probably after the war to pre-1945 inventory.

(Found on an Empress demipot)

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market.

All words printed in same style.

Notice the difference in the style of the top of the crown.

We've also found it with the added pattern names (see next several columns) which we believe were added after the war for the benefit of the American market.

Schumann Germany

All words printed in same style.

Notice difference in style of crown from previous mark, as well as the next mark.

(Found on an Empress soup bowl with no pattern name added.)

We believe the pattern names were probably added for the American market after the war.

US ZONE

US ZONE appears to have been added at a later time, probably after the war to pre-1945 and even pre-war inventory.

Found on a bowl with older style reticulation, another clue as to pre-war dating.

Schumann Germany "CHATEAU"

"CHATEAU" appears to have been added at a later time, probably after the war to pre-1945 and even pre-war inventory.

We believe the pattern names were added by E & R for the American market after the war.   Be sure to also read Footnote 2C below.

Chateau Dresden Flowers appears to have been added at a later time, probably after the war to pre-1945 and even pre-war inventory.

We believe the pattern names were added by E & R for the American market after the war.   Be sure to also read Footnote 2C below.

Schumann Germany Chateau Dresden Flowers

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Chateau Dresden Flowers in a different style, probably added by E & R., possibly to pre-1945 inventory.

We believe the pattern names were added by E & R for the American market.   Be sure to also read Footnote 2C below.

Empress Dresden Flowers appears to have been added at a later time, possibly to pre-1945 inventory.

Same comments as previous mark.

Found on an Empress set received as a wedding gift in 1957 in the U.S.  Be sure to read Footnote 2C below.

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Empress Dresden Flowers in a different style, possibly to pre-1945 inventory.

We believe the E & R mark and the pattern names were added at the factory for the American market.   Be sure to also read Footnote 2C below

Heirloom in a different style, possibly to pre-1945 inventory.

This mark came from a set  that also included pieces with the U. S. Zone mark and the words "Schumann Bavaria."

Be sure to read Footnote 83 below.

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Notice the artistic flow of the words, especially the word Germany, making this yet another version of the red mark.

We have heard from two different sources with information that this particular version goes back to at least the 1930's and  pre-war Germany, and from a third source that it may have still been in use into the 1950's.   See Footnotes 22, 22A, 22B, 22C below for details.

Real Handcut Schumann China added in gold.

Schumann Arzberg Germany

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

CICO Made in Germany Bavaria

Green seal added later.  We know this is for CICO China.  We believe CICO was possibly a distributor/retailer.

Blue E & R Crown Mark and is from 1954 forward.

 Bridal Rose is a pattern name and probably added at the Schumann factory for E & R .

Schumann Arzberg Germany Dresden Garland

Dresden-Garland in gold is pattern name -- appears to have been added later, possibly after the war and around 1950.

See next Dresden-Garland mark in different color.

Dresden-Garland in black is pattern name -- appears to have been added later, possibly after the war and around 1950.

See previous Dresden Garland mark in different color.

Lilac Time is a pattern name -- appears to have been added later, possibly after the war and around 1950.

See more Lilac Time below.

This mark was contributed by Unique Antiques in Ulysses, Kansas.

 Schumann Arzberg Germany Lilac Time

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Lilac Time is pattern name and  probably added at factory for E & R.

Schumann Arzberg Germany Melrose

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Melrose is a pattern name and probably added at factory for E & R.

Schumann Arzberg Germany Moon Rose

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Moon Rose is pattern name and probably added at factory for E & R.

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Platinum Glow is pattern name and probably added at factory for E & R.

It is believed that this pattern ended around the mid-1950's.  When it began, we don't know.

Schumann Arzberg Germany Sunset Rose

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Sunset Rose is a pattern name and probably added at the Schumann factory for E & R .

Schumann Arzberg Germany Wild Rose

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

 Wild Rose is a pattern name and probably added for E & R  at the Schumann factory.

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Green E&R seal applied and glazed over

Until I find documentation otherwise, I assume this mark is c. late 1940's-early 1950's, and possibly the interim mark used after the war and prior to putting the blue mark into use.

All words printed in same style.

Without the blue E & R mark, possibly made for European market, or entered U.S. by military or other private means.

(Found on a Dresden Line bowl. Also on a Moon Rose set purchased in 1959 through the military)

Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Dresden Line

 Dresden Line is pattern or series name -- appears to have been added later.

Without the blue E & R mark, possibly made for European market, or entered U.S. by military or other private means.

Meissen Rose is pattern name and  appears to have been added later.

Without the blue E & R mark, possibly made for European market, or entered U.S. by military or other private means.

Baviere Schumann Arzberg Vieux Meissen

This mark was found on a platter that is clearly the Empress Dresden pattern, but was targeted for the French market.

 Baviere is French for Bavaria.

Vieux is French for "Old".  Meissen is referring to the Dresden Flowers decoration.  Therefore, Vieux Meissen is the pattern name for the French market.

Red Crown Marks, Group VI = Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Germany...

Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Germany

All words printed in same style.

Without the blue E & R mark, possibly made for European market, or entered U.S. by military or other private means.

(Found on a Wild Rose Blush set)

Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Germany

Lilac Time

Blue E & R Crown Mark

All words printed in same style except for Lilac Time.   It appears as though it was probably added  for E & R at the factory.

Bavaria Schumann Arzberg W. Germany Chateau

Blue E & R Crown Mark

All words printed in same style and include W.Germany (see Footnote 2D below)

Bavaria Germany Schumann Arzberg Tradition seit 1881

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

This is apparently a 100 year anniversary mark from Schumann.  1881 is referring to the beginning date of the Schumann factory.  Be sure to read Footnote 56 below.

Echt Cobalt

The blue version of the 100-year anniversary mark.

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Pierre-Joseph Redoute

Bavaria Germany Schumann Arzberg Tradition seit 1881

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Rosa Indica Cruenta

Found on a plate collection of  12 different Roses originally designed by Pierre-Joseph Redoute, an 18th century French painter.  The plates were manufactured by Schumann exclusively for Firkloveren, a Swedish distributor.  The green four-leaf clover in the mark above is for Firkloveren.

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

John Iliffe

Found on a Christmas tea set manufactured by Schumann exclusively for Firkloveren, a Swedish distributor.  John Iliffe was the artist/design

Bavaria Schumann "Forget Me Not" Germany US Zone

Orlik

New York retailer's mark

All words printed in same style except cursive Orlik, which we now know to have been a shop on Madision Avenue in New York City as early as 1940.

This mark found on Chalet, but pattern name is not included.

Buchanans Royal Doulton Store, Peterborough ONT

Canadian retailer's seal

This mark found on Chalet, the reticulated version of FMN, but pattern name is not included here.

Bavaria Schumann "Forget Me Not" Germany

Chalet

Chalet is pattern name of reticulated version of FMN and was applied here with a stamp.

Schumann Arzberg Forget Me Not Chalet Germany

All words printed in same style.

Chalet is pattern name of reticulated FMN

Vergissmeinnicht, a German word for Forget-Me-Not

Found on a very different version of FMN which was probably made for the European market only.

Bavaria Schumann "Forget Me Not" Germany

Blue E & R Crown Mark

All words printed in same style.

Found on solid rim FMN

Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Germany

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

"Forget Me Not" printed in different style

Found on solid rim FMN

This gold version of the crown mark was found on a tea set known to be at least as old as 1955.  91 may be a pattern name.

We have also found this mark on a set of dishes known to have been brought to America from Germany after World War II.

All words printed in same style.

Found on a teacup that appears to be in the style of 1950.

All words printed in same style.

Found on a teacups and plates that appear to be in the style of 1950.

All words printed in same style.

-----------------------------

Same as mark at right but with added FOREIGN.  Found on a coffee set in the Netherlands. (102)

Found on a teapot that is possibly the Golden Glow pattern, which was possibly a forerunner of the Golden Elegance pattern.  Golden Glow was possibly discontinued in the early 1950's -- thus, the basis for my dating of this mark.

The 88 is possibly a pattern number.

Both of these marks found in the same set of dishes that were brought back from Germany in the late 1940's or early 1950's. 

Also found on a set known to have been purchased new in 1958 in Germany, but with Arzberg in the mark:

The 88W is possibly a pattern number.

Both of these marks found in the same set of dishes that were brought back from Germany in the late 1940's or early 1950's.

The number is probably a pattern number. 

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A similar gold mark as others in this section but with the added unknown mark that looks like an FN, possibly an exporter's mark.  Found on a set from the 1940's (93)

HANDPAINTED

Apparently a decorating mark for Schumann.

Germany US Zone

HANDPAINTED

Apparently a decorating mark for Schumann

This mark is exactly like the one just above that is known to be from a set purchased brand new in the late 1950's.

The 2766E is probably a pattern number. 

Another example, but with 62:

Both marks found on items in the style of the 1950's. 

Printed mark with pattern name and copyright notice inferring a beginning date of 1960 for this pattern.

 Schumann Germany

All words printed in same unusual style.  Notice the fullness of the crown.  A whiteware mark for out-of-factory decoration.  Found on a hand painted plate.

Schumann Germany F

A whiteware mark.  Same as previous mark except for color and the added F -- don't know significance of the F.  Found on a pair of hand painted and signed plates.

Also found on a set similar to the 1950's-60's Golden Elegance pattern and possibly a forerunner to that pattern.

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Another green whiteware mark with the unknown F but with different wording.  Found on a vase owned by a couple who were stationed in Germany in the late 1950's to early 1960's.

Same mark without the F found on a European Blue Trumpet plate. (100)

Schumann Arzberg Platinum Elegance Germany 20

All words printed in same style. 

This mark is unlike any of the others and is on a set of dishes that still has its 1954 E & R brochure.

Black Schumann mark mingled with a JKW Bavaria mark.

A Schumann unknown Roses pattern distributed  by JKW under its own brand.

Green Schumann mark under  House of Goebel Bavaria West Germany mark.

Goebel distributed  Schumann products,  Wild Rose Blush for example,  under its own brand name.

BAVARIA Schumann Arzberg

All words printed in same style. 

Found on a pair of plates believed to be from the late 1940's or possibly 1950.(see Footnote 19 below).

Same mark with the added word FOREIGN found on plates received brand new in 1961.

All words printed in same style.

(notice difference in design of top of crown from that one shown at left )

Found on a child's cup in the Jack and Jill pattern and given to a child in 1957

Incised numbers 1060/22

All words printed in same style.  Found on a dish that is in a version of either the Wild Rose or Briar Rose patterns.  The owner of the dish remembers seeing it as a child in the early 1950's on display in her grandmother's dining room.

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

All words printed in same style.  A whiteware mark found on several hand painted pieces which are signed and dated 1969 by an American china painter in Whittier, California.  Whiteware would have been manufactured earlier.

Also found on a hand painted plate signed and dated 1994 by a German artist (no picture), obviously old whiteware.

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

No pattern name

All words printed in same style.  Found on a plate in an unknown fruit pattern that is most likely from the 1960's.

ANTIQUE ROSE

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Antique Rose added in a different style, probably added  by E & R.

Same marks also found for Victorian Rose.

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

BRIAR ROSE

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Briar Rose added in a different style, probably added by E & R.

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

EMPRESS Dresden Flowers

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Empress Dresden Flowers added in a different style, probably added by E & R.

I think Empress ceased production in the mid 1980's, based on information I have from someone who ordered a set directly from the factory in Germany in the mid-1980's because they were no longer available in America by then (see E & R comments above and footnotes 3 and 4 below).

EMPRESS Dresden Flowers

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Empress Dresden Flowers added in a different style, probably added by  E &R.

Rebecca Harris Emmitte of Weatherford, Texas, who has a set of Empress that came from her grandfather's jewelry store in Arlington, Texas, in the 1950's, sent us this green mark. The store closed in 1958, leaving no doubt of the 1950's dating of this green version of the Schumann crown mark.

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

EMPRESS Dresdner Flowers

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Empress Dresdner Flowers added in a different style, probably added by  E &R.

Another one just like the above except with the added star under the green mark.

 BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

FORGETMENOT

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with ForgetMeNot added in a different style, probably added  by E & R

I think the FMN pattern may have ceased around 1970.  It was, however, still on the retail market as late as 1980.

MOUNTAIN ROSE

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Mountain Rose added in a different style, probably added  by E & R

VICTORIAN ROSE

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Victorian Rose added in a different style, probably added  by E & R

VIOLETTE

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with Violette added in a different style, probably added  by E & R

White Elegance

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Printed mark with White Elegance added in a different style, probably added  by E & R

BAVARIA REAL COLBALT

SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

COBALT ROSE

All word printed in same style in dark blue.

Found on dishes purchased brand new in early 1970's, but probably manufactured in the 1960's, based on the pattern name (see Footnote 40 below and also table of patterns).

BAVARIA SCHUMANN ARZBERG GERMANY

ECHT COBALT INGLASUR

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Found on dishes believed to be a later style produced by Schumann (see Footnote 39 below and also table of  patterns).

ECHT COBALT

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

Found on dishes believed to be older than the ones referenced in footnote 39.  Notice the slight difference in the blue portions of the mark  (see Footnote 41 below and also table of  patterns).

 I have found evidence this mark was used into the 1970's.

Echt Schumann Cobalt

Schumann Porzellan Kunstabteilung 0231286

Kunstabteilung is German for art department.

Echt Schumann Cobalt

Found on a set of what appears to be the Heirloom pattern, but with this mark.

(notice the fuller top of the crown)

"Halleluja" by Marianne Stuwe, Second Edition of the Schumann Imperial Christmas Plate, Plate No. 1220 of an edition limited to 10,000

Weihnachten 1980 (on front of plate)

We assume that China Blau is a pattern name. 

Notice the different flair to the letters in this mark.  Found on a plate from a Dutch family whose family member remembers it back to the 1950's.

  Bavaria Schumann

Printed mark in same style as next mark except without the word Germany.  Possibly a whiteware mark.  One source has confirmed this particular mark as going back to 1941 when her grandparents were married.

Same mark found on a set of dishes purchased directly from the factory in 1946 (see Footnote 17A below).  No U.S. Zone mark, so pre-1945.

 Bavaria Schumann Germany US Zone

The stamped Germany US Zone appears to be gold in color and to have been added to pre-existing pieces in 1945 just after WW II.  Notice that this mark is another variation of the old 1920's-30's blue mark.

Bavaria Schumann Germany US Zone

Printed mark all in same style.  Notice that this mark is green and is a whiteware mark.

I've also found this mark with an added CICO CHINA stamp in black which we believe to be a decorator's mark.  This is a different mark from the green CICO seal shown a few rows above with a red mark.

-------------------------

 Bavaria Schumann Germany US Zone

Bouquet

Printed mark all in same style.  Same as previous mark, but with the addition of  the pattern name "Bouquet" added at a later time (see pattern table below).

-----------------

Mark at lower left is just like those above except with the added words

US Stanobre Design Oe Schu

I believe they mean something about a design for or by  Schumann. (103)

Bavaria Schumann Germany

Found in green and black.

Blue E & R Crown Mark

Empire Rose

Printed mark with Empire Rose in different style.  Apparently added by E & R.  These dishes were possibly carried over from the 1940's.

Printed mark with pattern name and copyright notice inferring a beginning date of 1960 for this pattern.

Original Bridal Rose, Copyright Regd No. 1672/60 c., Made in Western Germany, CN

Printed mark with pattern name and copyright notice inferring a beginning date of 1960 for this pattern.  Added Made in Western Germany blue seal and intertwined CN which we believe to be a decorator.

Handpainted, Handmalerei

(Signature and numbers are unreadable)

(Be sure to read Footnote 84 below)

Handpainted, Handmalerei

(Signature and numbers are unreadable)

(Be sure to read Footnote 84 below)

Another mark with the unknown F

Found in Belgium on a plate  obviously made for the European market.

Printed mark which appears to be a newer mark used in the years just prior to the reunification of Germany in 1990.  The interpretation of Seit is "Since."  Possibly a whiteware mark.

  Seit 1881 Schumann Germany Die Meisterklasse

Printed mark apparently used in the last years of the Schumann factory.  The interpretation of Die Meisterklasse is "The Master Class."  Possibly a whiteware mark.

Printed mark apparently used in the last years of Schumann.  The interpretation of Seit is "Since."  I don't know the significance of the 2 and 2 before and after Germany.  Possibly a whiteware mark.

Printed mark apparently used in the last years of Schumann.  The interpretation of Seit is "Since."  I don't know the significance of the 2 and 3 before and after Germany.  Possibly a whiteware mark.

(2) It is unclear when the red crown mark was actually put into use.  Even Rontgen in his book of marks, leaves the beginning date blank.   I now believe that versions of it definitely go back to the 1930's and  possibly used as early as 1918 with only the words Schumann Bavaria (refer back to my introductory comments above as well as my table of patterns below).  Also refer Footnotes 2B, 2C, 11, 22, 29.  I also believe it probably ended around 1960.

(2A) This is the first evidence I have of the word Arzberg being a part of the old blue marks.  Thanks to Elsa Poitras of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, who contributed this mark.  I amthinking the beginning date of these particular marks based on information I've received and reported in Footnote 64 below.

(2B) Dresdner Art China and Schumann Bavaria were brand names used by the Schumann China Corporation in the 1930's in America for marketing wares from the Schumann factory (Source:  Page 280 of China and Glass in America 1880-1980 by Dallas Museum of Art).

(2C) This particular red crown mark is from a set of Schumann Empress purchased from someone whose parents received them as a wedding present in 1957 (family history).  We assume they were new at that time.  Although they do not have the blue importer's E & R mark which was used beginning in 1954, nor do they have a U. S. Zone mark (1945-49), they still could have been been imported to the U. S. through E & R.   They were most likely  manufactured and imported between 1950 and 1953 (after the U. S. Zone and before the E & R blue shield mark (a below) and remained in a store inventory until purchased in 1957.  A helpful clue is a 1951 E & R ad which introduced their NEW footed and flared Empress cup.  This 1957 wedding gift Empress set has these NEW footed and flared cups; therefore this set would be no older than 1950 and probably no newer than 1953.  Read (b) and (c) below for other possible options as to how this set may have entered the U. S.

In summary, ways Schumann dishes (and no doubt this particular set) entered the U.S. were:

(a) Through the importer Ebeling and Reuss.  We have some old E & R ads showing that E & R was importing  U. S. Zone Schumann into the U. S. as early as 1948.  We don't know what mark, if any, they were using at that time.  Any china marked U. S. Zone are dated to the years of 1945-49 when Bavaria Germany was occupied by  the U. S. military just after World War II; or

(b) Military personnel purchasing them in Germany and bringing/sending them back home after the war.  Through the Department of Commerce, a special division called U. S. Commercial Company (USCC) was created specifically for the purpose of exporting 50% of the porcelain production of Germany.  The U. S. was the primary consumer of that 50% (perhaps imported by E &R^(a).  The remaining 50% of Germany's porcelain production was divided between the U. S. Military PX's (25%)** and the German citizens (25%).  (Source:  "China and Glass in America, 1880-1980, From Tabletop to TV Tray" by the Dallas Museum of Art, page 231).  **The Military PX purchases would have bypassed the importer E & R.; or

(c) Individuals traveling to Germany on their own, especially during the 1950's, purchasing directly from the factory, and bringing them back home, thereby bypassing U. S. importers and retailers; or

(d) Europeans moving from Europe to the U. S. and bringing with them their family Schumann china, which would not have an importer's mark and most likely not a pattern name; we believe E & R, the importer , added the pattern names to their U.S. imports.

(e) Schumann China Corporation during the 1930's.  Prior to World War II, Schumann set up the Schumann China Corporation in New York City for the purpose of importing and distributing  Schumann products to the U. S.  According to page 280 of the DMA book, China and Glass in America, 1880-1980, From Tabletop to TV Tray, they sold under two brand names -- Dresdner Art China and Schumann Bavaria.  These German imports to the U.S. ceased, of course, with the beginning of World War II.

(2D) The wording with this red crown mark is different from the others because it says W. Germany, rather than just Germany, which dates it to no earlier than late 1949 when West Germany was established.  However, the blue E & R crown mark takes it to 1954.

(3) The blue E & R importer's mark was used beginning as early as 1954 (based on an old brochure).   I believe the pattern names that are in a different style than the other words in the marks were probably added by E & R when they added their blue mark.  Did E & R give them their pattern names???  Based on further study about E & R, (DMA book, page 289), E & R dropped many of its European lines in 1976 because of economic issues in Europe, as well as within E & R itself.   We are therefore adjusting our dates accordingly and assume any Schumann with this mark is 1976 or earlier, although actual distribution to the public might not have occurred until much later, as inferred in 3A below.

(3A) The Forget-Me-Not Chalet (reticulated version of FMN) appears to have ceased sometime between 1962 and 1965, based on some old E & R brochures.  The non-reticulated version of FMN still existed "new in shops" as late as 1980, based on information recently received (see footnote 38 below).  Also see footnote 21 for an interesting FMN story.

(4) It appears as though these particular black and green versions of the crown mark were used as early as the 1950's and into the 1960's and 1970's (information from original owners and family histories).  Unsure if they were used into the 1980's.

(5) West Germany existed from 1949 until 1990 at which time Germany was reunited.  This mark appears to be a newer mark used closer to the 1990 date, so I'm assuming this was their mark for the decade of the 1980's.

(6) This mark was apparently one used in the last years of the Schumann factory which closed in 1994.  This closing date has been verified by way of  Hans Christian Walter who communicated with a very helpful source in Arzberg, who in turn talked to the Archivist of the Arzberg City Hall. "Thank you Chris."

(7) Rainer Swiderski in Hamburg, Germany, has been a tremendous source of information and has graciously and generously contributed extensive photographs of his own Schumann collection, including the marks shown above for this footnote which we are using with his permission.   He also traveled to Arzberg and saw first-hand the closed Schumann factory and took extensive photographs which he has so graciously sent to us for our use in this project.  Click here to see the special page we have created for Rainer to display his photography of the Schumann factory and his personal Schumann collection.  "Thank you, Rainer."

(8) Shellie Tipton in Verona, Kentucky, has very graciously sent us pictures of one of her beautiful Schumann Garland plates and their marks and has granted us permission to use them in our tables of marks and patterns.  "Thank you, Shellie."

(9) Colleen Kagele in Ritzville, Washington, an ebay seller, has graciously granted us permission to use her picture of this mark.  Click here for the link to her ebay auctions.  "Thank you, Colleen."

(9A) Anonymous Contributor sent this mark which is just like Colleen's above, except for the pattern name "Bouquet."

(10) Kathy Vallee in Lowell, Indiana, has very graciously sent us pictures of her Moon Rose pattern and marks and has granted us permission to use them in our table of marks and patterns.  "Thank you, Kathy."

(11) Kenny Sugarman in Douglas, Arizona, submitted pictures an old portrait plate and its mark and granted us permission to use them in my table of marks and patterns.  The plate (see pattern table below) was handed down to him from his father; Kenny's father received the plate directly from an aunt and uncle who told him they were given the plate as a wedding gift; he believes with reasonable certainty that they were married around 1918 and is basing that on the age of their oldest child.  This plate has the red crown mark and is the first evidence we've found that a version of the red crown mark was possibly used that early.  "Thank you, Kenny, and please thank your father for this valuable information."

(11A) In support of Kenny's information above, Barb VanderRoest of Amherst Nova Scotia Canada, also has a beautiful portrait plate (shown below in our table of patterns) similar to Kenny's and with the same red crown mark with only the words "Schumann Bavaria."  It is the surviving plate of a pair that originally belonged to her grandmother in Nova Scotia.  Barb's mother, born in 1920, remembers the plates as a very young child.  She was told that she broke the second plate when she was a toddler.  Barb, thanks for being willing to share such interesting and helpful information!!

(12) Brian Beach in Laguna Niguel, California, submitted pictures of this mark and a rose pattern purchased by his mother in the 1950's, possibly from an antique shop and granted us permission to use them in our table of marks and patterns.  "Thank you, Brian."

(12A) Shelley Lawson (location unknown), shared with me information about her grandparents who were married in the 1930's.  They owned a set of Schumann china marked with the green version of the old shield mark.  She said she didn't know when they acquired the china,  but based on the mark it was most likely post-war 1940's-1950's. "Thanks, Shelley."

(12B) Stephen and Susan B. in Pittsford, New York, shared with us that Stephen's father shipped a set of Schumann with this mark to his wife in Logan, Ohio, in 1944 while he was serving in Germany in World War II.  This further confirms our dating of this mark to pre-1945.

(13) Dea Savitzky in Great Neck, New York, submitted pictures of these marks and her dishes (see pattern table below) that were given to her in 1946 as a wedding gift from a relative who served in World War II and bought the dishes new while in Germany after the war.  Though purchased in 1946, they were probably actually manufactured a few years earlier.  "Thank you, Dea, for sharing your story and allowing us to use your pictures.  Thanks also for researching and identifying the blue flower on your dishes."

(14) Barbara Steffens in Benton City, Washington, submitted pictures of this mark and her floral vase (see pattern table below) and granted us permission to use her pictures.  "Thank you, Barbara."

(15) Jennifer Babb in Virginia Beach, Virginia, submitted pictures of this mark and of her Platinum Elegance set she inherited from her parents.   Included with the set was an old E & R pamphlet dated 1954 which included the Platinum Elegance pattern.  She said her parents began purchasing this pattern in the 1950's.

(16) Anonymous Contributor who purchased a new set of dishes (see pattern table below) in 1994 with this mark.  Her information has helped to confirm that this was one of the last marks used by the Schumann factory before it closed in 1994.  The dishes would most likely have actually been manufactured prior to 1994 for them to have had time to make their way to the retail market.

(17) Christine and Jim Battle in Putnam County, New York, submitted this mark to us which is on a beautiful cake plate (see pattern table below) they found at a recent sale in their area.  "Thanks Chris and Jim."  

(17A) Gale Dulian in Wadsworth, Illinois, submitted pictures of this same mark on dishes her Dad  purchased directly from the factory in 1946 for his mother.   Although purchased new in 1946, they may have actually been manufactured much earlier and just not put on the market until after the war.

(17B)  Anonymous Contributor in Lemgo, Germany has provided family history that dates this particular mark back to 1941 when her grandparents were married.  See pattern table below for the coffee pot on which it is found; be sure to also read the related interesting family history.

(18)  Ivan Rasskazov in Torrance, California, submitted this mark which is on a hand painted plate he found at a sale.  It is a whiteware mark used on blanks for decoration by outside artists.  Scroll to the very end of this page for our table of "Hand Painted Wares on Schumann Blanks" and pictures of this beautiful plate.

(18B) Joyce Sagurski in Omaha, Nebraska, submitted this mark found on a pair of signed and hand painted plates she found at an estate sale in her area.  Scroll to the very end of this page for our table of "Hand Painted Wares on Schumann Blanks" and pictures of these beautiful plates.

(19)  Osman Ciloglu in Turkey submitted this mark which is on a set of portrait plates (see pattern table below) he inherited from his grandmother who received them as a wedding gift probably in the late 1940's.  We think it might be more likely around 1950 based on the mark.

(20)  Blanche Kevlin in Dallas, Texas, a good friend of ours, contributed pictures of two plates and their marks from her Schumann collection.  The marks are unusual, as are the shapes of the plates (see pattern table below).

(20A) Harran's "Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III", page 352, dates this red mark to 1932.  I'm assuming that all versions of this particular style are also 1932 or at least 1930's and possibly through 1941, based on the Royal Dresdener Art marks dated to those years.

(21)  Madeleine in Virginia has a set of the Forget-Me-Not pattern and shared her family story with us.  Along with the set, she has an original receipt dated November 14, 1963, for six FMN dinner plates and six salad plates.   Madeleine's mother told her that her grandmother had won six complete settings of the FMN in a card game and then ordered the additional pieces as evidenced by the receipt and other paperwork from a china shop in Fairfax, Virginia.  The additional pieces were obviously purchased new and are still in perfect condition.   She said the dishes had been wrapped in newspaper since her grandmother passed away in 1967.  Original receipts are most unusual and a prime example of invaluable documentation.  Remember, everyone, keep those receipts for those who follow in your footsteps and document as much family history as possible.  "Madeleine, thanks for sharing your story and for faxing me copies of your receipt and other paperwork."

(22)  Dmitry Livshits in Brooklyn, New York, contributed pictures of a set of dishes with this particular red crown mark with only the words Schumann Arzberg Germany.  The dishes originally belonged to a lady who fled Nazi Germany in the 1930's and brought the dishes with her to the USA at that time.  Dimitry has the dishes which are still in their original packing and cases as they were when shipped and were marked as being "Dairy."  "Dmitry, thanks for such an interesting story."

(22A) We also heard from a lady who has some Schumann Wild Rose Blush pieces with the red crown mark and only the words Wild Rose and Schumann Arzberg Germany.  They were given to her in 1983 by a client who was then in her 80's and said they were from pre-war Germany and that she inherited them from her mother who was from Germany.  This helps to further verify the older age of the red crown mark. 

(22B)  G.L. of Kansas City, Missouri, has provided pictures and information that indicate that this same red crown mark with only the words Schumann Arzberg Germany was possibly still being used in 1959.  This particular mark is on a set of dishes purchased brand new by G.L.'s father when he was in the U. S. Army in the late 1950's and stationed in Amberg, Bavaria, Germany.  He made the purchase from the European Exchange (Military PX).  As for the time frame for this particular red mark, the other option is that these dishes were old inventory by the time they were purchased in 1959 (manufactured years earlier) and just not sold until 1959.

This link, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amberg has some interesting information about Amberg and mentions that it was home to Pond Barracks, a United States Army Base.  See the table of patterns below for G.L.'s pictures.  Notice that the mark on these dishes does not include the blue E & R importer's mark since they were purchased directly in Germany by the consumer and shipped to the USA, thereby bypassing the importing company.

(22C) Yet more military documentation about this particular red crown mark is from Mary Hoffman in New York who has a set of Schumann Moon Rose that was purchased for her by her cousin who was in the U. S. Army and stationed in Germany in 1959.  Her set is a mixed set of red mark versions -- this version with only the words Schumann Arzberg Germany, as well as the version shown in Red Crown Marks, Group V above and discussed in Footnote 60 below.  The mixture of marks is further indication of older inventory having been carried forward from previous manufacturing years and mixed with newer inventory in order to make a complete set.  Also of interest is that although her set is clearly the Moon Rose pattern, the pattern name is not present, which is further evidence that the pattern names were added by the importer E & R.  Clearly E & R was not involved in bringing this set into the U.S. since it entered by way of the military.

(23)  Ignez in Key Biscayne, Florida, contributed this mark which is dated exactly between the years 1931-1941 (Source:  Rontgen's Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, pages 171 and 456) and was used by the Schumann China Corporation of New York City who was the U. S. distributor of Carl Schumann products between the years of 1931-1941.  "Thank you, Ignez."

(24) John and Pat Murray in Brockville, Ontario, Canada, contributed these two marks which are on a set of Bridal Rose dishes they purchased  from a fine china shop in Brockville in 1967 when they were married.  The red copyright notice in the mark indicates that the pattern was possibly copyrighted in 1960.  "Thank you John and Pat for your generosity in sharing this information."

(25) S. L. in Baltimore, Maryland, contributed this mark which is on a vase with a Violet pattern.  The style of the word Germany makes this mark unique from the others.  See pattern table below for a picture of S. L.'s vase.

(26) C.D. in California contributed this whiteware mark found on hand painted china signed and dated 1969 by a lady in Whittier, California.   See examples of these beautiful pieces on our Q & A page.

(27) Thelma Huttner in Strongsville, Ohio, contributed this mark which is on a large set of Briar Rose Dishes that were found in her husband's aunt's attic.  They were found in beautiful and perfect condition.

(28) Carolyn Markie in Virginia contributed this mark which is on a set of beautiful figural paneled dishes in assorted colors of blue, pink, green, and yellow.  Carolyn purchased them from the estate of a lady who was born in 1900, was an only child, and possibly inherited them from her mother.   See pattern table below for pictures of these beautiful dishes.

(29) D. Kadar in Long Island, New York, contributed this mark found on a Wild Rose Blush compote she recently received as a gift.  It is yet another version of the red crown mark.

(30) Lynne Pasquale in Cascade, Montana, contributed these green marks found on a set of dishes that her grandmother passed on to her mother at the time of her mother's marriage in 1942.  The dishes had belonged to her grandmother before that, and it is unknown when they were actually purchased.  This is some of  the oldest documentation we have of the green crown decorating mark.

(31) Mary Gavin in La Canada, California, contributed these marks from a beautiful set of Schumann Dresdner Art China "Betsy Ross" dishes.  See pattern table below for pictures of these beautiful dishes.

(32) CICO is for CICO China, a decorating studio. We've found another CICO mark paired with a green Schumann U. S. Zone mark,

(33)  Pat T. in Atlanta, Georgia, contributed a  mark exactly like this one  from a set of Schumann she purchased brand new in a shop in Rudesheim, West Germany, in the late 1980's.   Her information  is additional confirmation of the use of this mark in the 1980's.   W-Germany remained in existence until 1990 when Germany was reunited.

(34) J.R. in Atlanta, Georgia, contributed this mark from her set of Platinum Glow that she inherited from her mother-in-law.  Although her mother-in-law purchased them "new" in the late 1980's from a jewelry store in South Carolina, we believe they had been in stock in that store for quite sometime.  Based on family history we have from another contributor, it appears that this pattern ceased production somewhere in the mid-1950's (see pattern table below for more details).

(35)  C.S. in North Carolina, contributed this old  green mark.  It is found on some old luncheon plates decorated with the Dresden Flowers (see pattern table below).  It is dated as having been in use 1900-1927 (Source:  Keramik-Marken Lexikon 1885-1935 by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 273).   I, however, believe it could possibly be pre-1900.  Also, I'm not sure which Schumann the C is for.  Read on---

This mark is either (1) a very early mark for Carl (the factory was named for him in 1892); or (2) possibly for Christiana, the Mother, who ran the factory from 1884 to 1896; or (3) perhaps Christian Heinrich Schumann, the Father and founder of the factory in 1881;  or (4) possibly for Christopher who was Carl's brother and who founded a totally different and separate factory (1887-1991) from Carl's.   Read on-----

 I see this mark quite frequently identified as being that of  Christopher Schumann but misidentifying Christopher as being the father of Carl.  Christopher WAS NOT the father of Carl.  He was Carl's brother.  On the outside chance that the C in this mark is for Christopher, it could only be 1887-1891 when Christopher left the Schumann family factory and started his own factory, also in Arzberg, but which he sold in 1891 to Lehman, the founder of what eventually came to be Porcelain Factory Arberg.  It appears as though Christopher's factory may have been a forerunner of the Porcelain Factory Arzberg.  Christopher's factory and the Porcelain Factory Arzberg were totally separate from the Carl Schumann Porcelain Factory and should not be confused.

 (35A)  Stephen Pickover in New York, NY, also contributed pictures of this oldest green mark found on some pretty floral plates (see table of patterns below) that belonged to his great grandmother who came to the USA in the early 1900's, prior to WW I.

(36)  This particular old blue mark with the crown top is dated as having been put in use in 1924, but no ending date is given  (Source:  Keramik-Marken Lexikon, 1885-1935, by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 276).

(37)  Cape May Antiques in Swainton, New Jersey, granted us permission to use their pictures of this mark and their set of Empire Rose dishes (see pattern tables below).  Their website is www.capemayantiques.com.   They are also capemayantiques on ebay.

(38)  Mr. and Mrs. Atkins in South Carolina told us they purchased a brand new set of Forget-Me-Not from a high-end gift shop in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in 1980.  This is the first information we have that the FMN pattern was still available brand new that late.  Purchased new in 1980 would mean actual manufacturing date for that particular set would have been at least back into the mid-1970's.

(39)  A. in Germany found some dishes  in a thrift shop in Germany where her husband is stationed in the U. S. Army.  They had this Schumann Echt Cobalt mark.  The style of the sugar bowl (see pattern table below) is a "newer" style used by Schumann, probably c.1970's.

(40)  L.B. in Indiana submitted pictures of the Cobalt Rose pattern and its mark (see table of patterns below).  An elderly friend of L.B. purchased a complete and brand new set of this pattern in the early 1970's from a high-end department store in Indiana called L. S. Ayers.  Notice that this mark is totally different in style than any of the others.  "Thanks to both of you for this submission."   Note:  Although new when purchased in the early 1970's, it is most likely they had been in the store's inventory for awhile.  Based on two old E & R brochures we have in our possession, the Cobalt Rose is in the 1961 brochure, but missing from the 1966 printing, indicating the pattern may have ceased production by 1966.

(41) Ray Potter in Houston, Texas, submitted pictures of his Echt Cobalt pattern and its mark (see table of patterns below).  He inherited an extensive set from his Mother.  The mark on his set is slightly different from the one referenced in Footnote 39 above.  Also, the style of the sugar bowl is the "older" style, so we have estimated Ray's dishes to probably be from the 1970's.

(42) Jennifer Gaumond in Pennsylvania, contributed this mark and the 1932 dated signature found on a sugar and creamer that was apparently decorated by an independent artist, possibly an American china painter.  This is the oldest documentation we have so far for this green whiteware mark.  Great documentation -- "Thanks, Jennifer!!"  We've added her pictures to our table of patterns below.

(43) Larry Sears in Bloomington, Illinois, contributed pictures of a beautiful old fruit plate (see table of patterns below in the "Fruit" section) with this red version of the oldest Schumann mark to come our way so far.  We assume it was used in the same time frame as the green one, c.1900-1927.  "Thanks, Larry."  (43A) Dianne Lavenburg in DeSoto, Kansas, also contributed pictures of this oldest red version found on some pretty floral plates (see table of patterns below).  "Thanks, Dianne."

(44)  Anonymous Contributor in Portland, Oregon, contributed pictures of a very early Schumann plate with this old green mark that includes the words "Dresden Flowers" (see pattern table below).

(45) Anonymous Contributor in St. Louis, Missouri, contributed pictures of a child's "Winnie-the-Pooh" bowl which I believe to be from the 1930's (see pattern table below).

(46)  A. in Virginia contributed pictures of this gold version of the crown mark found on a tea set belonging to an elderly lady who told her the set was at least 50 years old, which as of this writing would be 1955 or earlier.

(46A)  Suzanne Harris  in Glenwood Springs, Colorado, contributed pictures of this gold version of the crown mark found on a teacup she inherited from her grandmother (see pattern table below).

(47)  Ruth Hall in Elizabethtown, North Carolina, contributed pictures of this gold version of the crown mark found on a teapot that appears to be the Golden Glow pattern which was possibly a forerunner of the Golden Elegance pattern.  Based on other information, we believe the Golden Glow pattern was probably discontinued in the early 1950's.

(48)  Carol Sisson in Lompoc, California, contributed pictures of this brown version of the crown mark found on an Echt Cobalt tea set (see pattern table below) which she found at an estate sale in Santa Maria, California, in approximately 2002.  We believe this is probably c.1980's.

(49)  Cathy Cain in Harrington, Delaware, contributed pictures of this mark found on her bowl in the Melrose pattern (see pattern table below).

(50)  Linda Frey in Manchester, New Hampshire, contributed pictures of this mark found on her dish (see pattern table below) that originally belonged to her grandmother.   She remembers as a child seeing it on display in her grandmother's dining room in the early 1950's.

(51)  Mrs. Cassels in New Smyrna Beach, Florida, contributed pictures of this mark found on her plate (see pattern table below) in an unknown fruit pattern.

(52)  Cindy Hill in Oberlin, Ohio, contributed pictures of this mark found on her set of Wild Rose (see pattern table below).

(53)  Jeanet in Santa Rosa, California, contributed this old Schumann mark with the unusual additives of the hand written numbers and hand drawn Dresden mark.  We speculate the Dresden mark was possibly for a decorating studio in Dresden, Germany.  Please e-mail if you can help with interpreting these additives.

(54)  I.S. in Denmark, an avid collector of Schumann, sent me this valuable and interesting information about the Schumann factory outlet which she learned through her contacts in Europe.  Although the factory shut down in 1994, a Schumann factory outlet stayed open for approximately another 10 years in Arzberg for the purpose of selling off what was left of the Schumann inventory.  We are told that the outlet finally closed in 2004 or early 2005 -- a sad final note in the history of this great old porcelain factory "Thanks!!"  She also contributed pictures of her Schumann Christmas Tea Set and Schumann Roses plate collection, all of which she purchased in the 1980's (see pattern table below) from the Swedish firm, Firkloveren.  Schumann produced some exclusive product lines for Firkloveren.

(55)  RJT in Pennsylvania contributed this mark found on a Lilac Time plate belonging to his mother.  What makes it different from the other marks is the style of the pattern name.

(56)  We have in our possession an original box from Schumann which says 100 Jahre Schumann-Tradition.   Inside the box is a whiteware plate (as pictured on outside of box).  The plate has this mark, apparently an anniversary mark used in 1981, marking their 100 years in business.

(56a)  Cat in the UK contributed this blue version of the 100 year anniversary mark.

(57)  Iddan in Israel contributed this mark found on some cups and plates he received as a gift from the couple who previously lived where he lives now.  The mark is different from the other examples because of the number 2 on each side of the word Germany.  I don't know the significance of those numbers.

(58)  Linda Stoddard in Coatesville, Indiana, sent pictures of her China Blau coffee pot which she received from a friend whose mother brought it from Germany to America in the 1940's.

(59)  G. G. Foster in Claremont, California, has graciously shared with us her family history regarding the Schumann Empress set she inherited from her parents.  G.'s father purchased the set for her mother in 1948 upon the birth of G.'s older brother.  They are marked with the Schumann Red U. S. Zone mark used 1945-49.

(60) Mary Hoffman in New York has a set of Schumann Moon Rose that was purchased for her by her cousin who was in the U. S. Army and stationed in Germany in 1959.  Her set is a mixed set of red mark versions -- this version with only the words Bavaria Schumann Arzberg Germany, as well as the version shown in Red Crown Marks, Group IV above and discussed  in Footnote 22C above.  The mixture of marks is further indication of older inventory having been carried forward from previous manufacturing years and mixed with newer inventory in order to make a complete set.  Also of interest is that although her set is clearly the Moon Rose pattern, the pattern name is not present, which is further evidence that the pattern names were added by the importer E & R.  Clearly E & R was not involved in bringing this set into the U.S. since it entered by way of the military.

(61) Joyce Noppers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, contributed this mark and pictures of her vanity jar which she purchased at an auction (see pattern table below).

(62)  Ted and Pam Coombes  in Ketchum, Oklahoma, contributed pictures of their great find at an antique mall in St. Louis, Missouri -- a berry bowl set (see pattern table below) with the old red and green CS marks and a handwritten inscription dated 1914.  We are always thrilled to find dated items -- such great documentation.

(63)  Deb and Ken in Gaithersburg, Maryland, contributed this mark found on a very beautiful cake set (see pattern table below) that originally belonged to Ken's grandmother.  This mark is slightly different in design from the others, is in black, and was paired with a green triangular mark that is possibly one of a decorator.

(63A) Carol Winters in Cary, North Carolina, sent pictures of this mark found on a Dresden Flowers bread basket originally owned by her mother who was married in 1928 and lived in New York City where she most likely acquired/received it.

(64)  Debbie Bell in Malua Bay, NSW South Coast of Australia, contributed pictures of a beautiful pair of plates (see pattern table below) received by her great grandmother in 1910 as a wedding gift.  The plates have this same mark which is shown in reference books as beginning in 1918.  We think the 1918 date may have been assumed since that was the year Bavaria received its independence from Germany after World War I.  Knowing that the world wars destroyed many factory records, 1918 is a logical assumption.  However, this information from Debbie sheds new light.  Her source is her still living mother who has vivid memories of her grandparents (Debbie's great grandparents) and is certain of the family history of ownership and the 1910 date and related wedding gifts.  These plates, as well as many other 1910 wedding gifts have been handed down from one mother to the next and now to Debbie.

(64A) In going through old e-mails I have filed away, I discovered another viewer who said she has a set of what came to be called Chateau Dresden that were given to her husband's grandparents for their wedding in 1901.  That set has this same older blue mark with Dresden above and Schumann Bavaria below.

(65) Kristen Clark contributed this mark found on a beautiful set of Schumann (see pattern table below) originally owned by her Grandmother.  Since Grandmother had several sets of German china, her son-in-law may have been the source.  Kristen believes he was in the military during (or perhaps just after) the war and possibly stationed in Germany.  This would fit a c.1950 date or earlier for the set.

(66) Lee Parmeter in Biloxi, Mississippi, contributed pictures of a vase (see pattern table below) he recently inherited from his sister.  She and her husband were stationed in Germany in the late 1950's and early 1960's.  Assuming they purchased the vase brand new at that time, this is excellent documentation of the dating of this mark.  Lee is a published author and we are adding this link to his books in appreciation for his contribution to our Schumann tables: Lee's Books