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Please remember that all of our items are Antique and Vintage and may or may not have the usual minimal utensil marks or slight wear from normal use. Anything of significance is duly noted in our descriptions and photographed if possible. We strive very hard to assure the high-quality of our products and to fully disclose any significant flaws.

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Table of Fine Porcelain and Other Marks
All photographs on this page as well as on the rest of our website were made by us from actual pieces we currently own or have owned in the past and may not be copied or used by others without our prior permission. Copyright 2000-2010 and beyond All Rights Reserved Efineantiques, Sharon Dickinson, and Sharon Dickinson Fine Antiques Because of the many e-mails we receive, we do post pictures contributed to us by others and acknowledge their contribution accordingly. Thanks to the many who have been willing to share their family stories and pictures. Those pictures are also protected under our copyright notice and may not be copied or used by others without our permission. By your submission, you are granting us permission to publish your pictures, information, and questions should we so choose and as we so choose, whether in this format or other published formats by Sharon Dickinson, unless you state otherwise at the time of your submission. Please be sure to tell us how you would like to be acknowledged for your contributions -- by full name or by initials only, or even anonymous, although we do prefer first and last names. We also like to know your general location such as city, state, country, region, etc. We will honor your wishes and appreciate your help.
Alphabetical listing of fine porcelain and china and other identifying marks, signatures, labels, etc., posted on this website as we are able to continue posting them.
(Bibliography at end of this page)
	Abingdon USA Item #2257
	Adderley England, Adderleys, Ltd., *Longton, Staffordshire, England.* In business since 1906. Mark used c.1912-1926. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 84.) Pictures contributed by Gary Hadden of Hailey, Idaho, USA. He inherited this beautiful hand painted bowl from his Mother. It measures 12" wide x 8" across x 7" tall.
	Adderley Fine Bone China, England
	Ahrenfeldt, Charles, Limoges, France. A porcelain factory and decorating studio in Limoges, France. The France CA mark is the factory mark. The C. Ahrenfeldt Limoges mark is the decorating mark. Both marks are dated 1894-1930's. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 21, 23) Pictures contributed by *PH in Lancaster, Ohio, who inherited this set of china from her grandmother who was married on New Year's day in 1920. This was their wedding china given to them by her two brothers. Notice the picture of the mark includes a patent date of 3/19/18.* The word Depose is French for registered.

	AK France, A. Klingenberg, A porcelain factory and decorating studio in Limoges, France; whiteware mark used c.1890's-1910. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 216) Celery Dish Item #2407
	AK France, A. Klingenberg, A porcelain factory and decorating studio in Limoges, France; decorating mark used c.1880's-1890's. (Source: Antique Limoges at Home, by Debby DuBay, page 231) Celery Dish Pictures contributed by Barb Schmaling in Wisconsin
(see Kaiser)	AK Kaiser = (see Kaiser)
	AKCD Limoges France, A. Klingenberg and Charles Dwenger. A decorating mark used c.1900-1910. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 71, 89, 90)
(see Occupied Japan)	American Beauty Occupied Japan = (see Occupied Japan)
	Amphora., Amphora Porcelain Factory, Turne-Teplitz, Bohemia. A Bohemian porcelain factory no longer in existence. This mark is dated c.1905-1920, although the factory existed under various names until 1945 when it was nationalized at the end of World War II. (Sources: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 79; and Directory of European Porcelain by Ludwig Danckert, pages 460-61)
	A R Germany = Unidentified Mark. E-mail if you can help. Found on this beautiful compote owned by NLR in Liberty, South Carolina. As a child, N's mother (born in 1921), remembers this compote on *her* mother's table (N's grandmother), always with fruit in it. N's mother believed it may have been a wedding gift for her parents in 1914.
(see Occupied Japan)	Ardalt Occupied Japan = (see Occupied Japan)
	Arnart Imports, New York, New York. The imitation beehive mark is for Arnart Imports, a New York importer of Japanese products. The mark was apparently put into use in *1957.* The sources differ as to when it ended. One says *1981,* one says *2001,* and one leaves it open-ended. (Sources: (1) *Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain,* by Rontgen, page 578; (2) Pottery and Porcelain Marks by Lage, page 19; and (3) Collectors Circle by Ginni D. Snodgrass, http://www.collectorscircle.com/bohemian/fakes/fakes2.html ) Our Item #3870 (top mark) Pat Justice in Flower Mound, Texas, received this pretty coffee set for Christmas and shared pictures with us as an example of Arnart products (bottom mark).

	Arzberg Porcelain Factory, *Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. Mark used c.1927-1981.* (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 114) (Picture of mark is courtesy of Anita in Virginia). Also see "Schonwald Porcelain Factory" for original mark for this factory.
	Astoria Royal Bradwell, Arthur Wood, Although I haven't found this particular mark, I have found that Arthur Wood started business in 1904 and is apparently still in business today in Staffordshire, England. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 160) Item #2389
	Austria, Boseck & Co. Porcelain Factory, Haida, Bohemia. Mark used c.1892-1934. This previously unknown mark was identified for us by Monika in Berlin, Germany. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 152). Graeme, a kind viewer in Cambridge, England, sent us the first two pictures at far left (1) which includes Austria as part of this mark, also found on the second tea cup(2) shown below. Graeme said the set has been in his family since at least 1938 and that it was a wedding present to his grandparents from their grandparents and may have already been in the family much earlier. The third cups(3), submitted by *Elizaveta in South Florida,* are yet other examples of products with this mark. (2)(3)
(1)

	*Austria, blue overglaze mark, c.1890-1918,* believed to be that of Josef Riedl, a decorating studio in Giesshubel, Bohemia (now known as Struzna, Czechia) (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 408 and 188)
	Austria, SLS. Unidentified mark. Please e-mail if you can help. (Pictures contributed by Cynthia of Long Island, New York)
	Austria, Vienna. Possibly that of P. H. Leonard, a New York importer of porcelain, who used a very similar mark c.1890-1908 and in business c.1890-1910. Austria, Imperial Crown China. A decorator's and importer's mark for Bawo and Dotter who had a porcelain and decorating studio in Fischern, Bohemia (now Rybare Czechia). They also had a decorating studio in Limoges, France. Their main office was in New York City. Years of operation were c.1883-c.1914. (Sources: *Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, Revised Edition,* pages 401 and 125; and Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, Revised Edition, page 170) Both marks found on our Item #2566 shown at far left. This beautiful plate owned by Rebecca Owenby of North East Georgia has the Imperial Crown mark only.
	Austria, Vienna. Possibly that of P. H. Leonard, a New York importer of porcelain, who used a very similar mark c.1890-1908 and in business c.1890-1910. Our Item #2349
	Austria, Vienna (Wiener) Porcelain Factory Augarten, Vienna, Austria. This mark was put into use in 1923 by a joint stock company established for carrying on the former state-owned Vienna Porcelain Factory which was closed in 1864. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 473 and 474)
	Aynsley Bone China, England. 1920's. The second mark is for Ovington Bros. who was a retailer in New York and Chicago. This mark combination is on a set of dishes owned by *KSH of Santa Barbara, California.* Her grandmother purchased them brand new in New York City sometime prior to 1935. The set is now missing 12 saucers and KSH is trying to *replace* them. If you have any knowledge of this unknown pattern or a source for the saucers, please see our new "Requests" link for contact information for KSH.
	Aynsley Fine Bone China, England. c.1950's.
(See Limoges and Bassett)	Bassett Limoges Austria. (See Limoges and Bassett)
	Bavaria Germany. Unidentified mark. Please e-mail if you know. Found on this coffee set owned by *MC in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.* Beautiful applied gold designs on cobalt blue.
	Bavarian Autumn Hand Painted. Found on this tray which is a transfer pattern with hand painted finishing rather than actually hand painted. Pattern name is Autumn. Signed *Alberti*, who probably added the hand painted touches and the gold trim on the rim. See further comments in next section. Pictures of tray and mark contributed by L.T. of St. Charles, Missouri
	Bavarian Crimson Rambler Hand Painted. Found on examples of hand painted and hand decorated porcelains that are signed by artists who are most likely American China Painters. My speculation is that this overglaze green stamp was provided for application on the whiteware after decoration with the flower pattern that was copied by the artists. Pattern name is Crimson Rambler. Please e-mail if you can verify this one way or the other. Bowl is Item #2777 on this website. Mark is also found on Item #2086.
(See Elite Works)	Bawo and Dotter Limoges. (See Elite Works)
(See those listed at right)	Beehive Marks: (See (1) Schlegelmilch, Erdmann; (2) Austria; (3) CN; (4) Herzog Galleries; (5) Arnalt Imports; (6) Bloch & Co;
	Belleek Pottery Company in Ireland. c.1964-1980.
(See Royal Rudolstadt)	Beyer and Bock. (See Royal Rudolstadt)
(See Mintons)	Birks. (See Mintons)
	Blakeman and Henderson, Limoges, France, c. early 1900's. Both marks are exporting marks used by Blakeman and Henderson who were exporters, not manufacturers or decorators (Source: *Limoges Porcelain, 3rd Edition,* by Mary Frank Gaston, page 58) Both marks found on this old cup and saucer.
	Bloch & Co., *Eichwald, Bohemia, Austria,* c. 1900. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 187). Found on this beautiful urn (Pictures contributed by Cheri in Seattle)
	Bohemia Ceramic Works, *Neurohlau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. c.1922-1945. Floradora* is the pattern. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 46) See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
(See Rudolstadt)	Bohne Sons, Ernest. (See Rudolstadt)
(See Coronet)	Borgfeldt, George. (See Coronet)
	Brevete, P. L., Paris. Stamped label written in French which appears to say something about "Honorable Mention at Exposition Universelle of 1855, Papier, Carton, Chassis, Toiles, Anti-Ponce pour le Pastel, P. L. Brevete, PARIS, Marque Deposee. This appears to be the stamp of the manufacturer of the board/paper used by artists for their creations. Apparently, he was given honorable mention for his products at the1855 Exposition. Found on back of a 19th Century French Pastel Portrait by M. C. Kimball, a documented American Artist who exhibited a portrait drawing in a Paris Salon in 1886. (Source: *Artprice.com* and *American Art at the Nineteenth-Century Paris Salons*, page 361) Item #1847
(See Ahrenfeldt, Charles)	CA or C. Ahrenfeldt. (See Ahrenfeldt, Charles)
	*Caine's Studio, Akron, Ohio.* A decorating studio. Found on a hand painted plate with a Thomas Sevres Bavaria manufacturing mark dated to c.1908 plus. Item #2352
	Carlsbad Austria (unidentified) Possibly Carlsbad China.
	Carlsbad China, Austria, Altrohlau, Austria. This decorating studio was in business c.1880-1910. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 454). We haven't been able to find this particular Carlsbad China mark, but assume it is the same Carlsbad China.
(See Limoges)	Castel, Limoges France. (See Limoges)
	Castleton China (More later)
	Cauldon England, *Cauldon, Ltd., Hanley, Staffordshire, England.* c.1905-1920. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 166)
	Caverswall England. Summer is the pattern. Found on our Item #2297
	Caverswall England. (More later)
	CF, Christian Fischer, Pirkenhammer, Bohemia. The incised CF mark is one used 1846-57, according to pages 365 and 366 of the Directory of European Porcelain by Ludwig Danckert. For more information about the *Pirkenhammer factory*, go to www.pirken-hammer.com for inks to their hallmarks and history.
	Chaufriasse, Marc, Limoges. No information.
(see Occupied Japan)	Chubu China Occupied Japan = (see Occupied Japan)
(1) (2) (3) (4)	CICO, Made in Germany, Bavaria. Undocumented in any books that I have. Possibly a retailer or distributor post-war (WWII). Please e-mail if you know. First mark found on this dish owned by Burdell Hall of Morton, Illinois. Mark is stamped over what appears to be a Schumann whiteware mark. First mark also found on this pretty figural dish owned by *Brenda Walston in Kansas City, Kansas.* The mold appears to be a Schumann ash tray mold. Second mark found on this plate owned by Debi McDonald of Amarillo, Texas. Overstamped mark more visible and no doubt a Schumann mark. Third mark found paired with a Schumann factory mark on our Item #2675. Fourth mark with U. S. Zone on this plate that appears to be a Schumann product, but without a Schumann mark. Pictures contributed by Bradley Zane of Cambria, California.
	CN, Bavaria -- Unidentified. Found on a Love Story plate. Also has a beehive mark which is commonly reproduced. Our Item #2066
c.2009 david_in_canada @hotmail.com	CN, Bavaria -- Unidentified. This version of the CN mark includes Western Germany, meaning it was put into use after late 1949 when Germany was divided into East and West. It was found on this 1967 Commemorative Centennial Platter shown below left. Clicking on the thumbnail of the plate will reveal the 1967 date. Clicking on the thumbnail of the mark will reveal an old Heinrich mark underneath the CN mark. The undecorated plate must have been whiteware from the Heinrich factory and then eventually decorated by CN. This is assuming that CN was a decorator. Pictures were contributed by David in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and are here under his copyright and remain his property. c.2009 david_in_canada@hotmail.com A reminder to all: Everything on this website is copyrighted and may not be copied or used by others without our permission.
	Coalport. c.1891-1920. (Source: Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III, by Harrans, page 359)
	Coalport. This mark is dated to c.1949-1959. (Source: Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III, by Harrans, page 359)
	Coiffe Factory, Limoges, France, a whiteware mark used c.1891-1914. See Coronet below for Coiffe mark used after 1914. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 90)
(See "Windsor")	Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd, at Windsor Pottery, *Longton, Staffordshire, England.* (See "Windsor")
	Coronet, George Borgfeldt, a New York importer with a porcelain decorating studio in Paris, France, who used the Coronet mark c.1906-1920. The star is a whiteware mark from the Coiffe Factory in Limoges, France, who used it after 1914. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 71, 89, 90)
	Crown Staffordshire England. Mark is dated to c.1906-1930, according to Kovel's, page 87. Item #2399
	Crown Staffordshire England. Kovel's, page 107, shows this mark as being put into use in 1930 and continuing at least into the 1980's. *Item #2275*
	C. T. Germany, **C. Tielsch & Co, Altwasser, Silesia, Germany. Old marks used c.1875 through 1934 (Source: Kovel's, page 23). The second pictured mark is green and apparently a whiteware mark. Found on a hand painted plate, Item #3852 Green Mark**
Blue Mark
	A newer C.T. green mark found on a set of wedding dishes from approximately 1947 and now owned by Arthur and Carla Norton of Newtonmore, Scotland. Carla's Dutch parents were the original owners as newlyweds. Arthur and Carla would like to add more pieces to their set if anyone out there has a source.
Green Mark
	Czechoslovakia, D.F.. This mark was contributed by Cynthia who has identified it as being *Epiag D.F. Porcelain Dalovice.* Based on the following website, it is apparently a current mark: Ginni's Collectors Circle Found on this plate.
	Czechoslovakia, JSK, Porcelain Factory Giebhubel Johann Schuldes. This is a modern-day mark, probably a decorating mark, and is said to have been used after 1993. The factory was in business 1803-1945 under a variety of names, the last of which was the above name beginning in 1902. Though the factory closed in *1945* and this mark said to have been used after 1993, it is unclear as to what current name was/is used. (Sources: Bohemian Decorated Porcelain, by Dr. James D. Henderson, pages 32-33; and Ginni's Collectors Circle) (Picture of mark contributed by Barry)
	Czechoslovakia, Karlovarsky Porcelain, Chodau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Newer mark used *1945-1992.* Originally called Haas & Czjzek which was founded in 1792 (as so noted in this mark). (Source: Ginni's Collectors Circle ) Pictures of tea set and its mark contributed by MF in Nottingham England.
	Czechoslovakia, Schmieger & Sons, Schonfeld, Carlsbad, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. A decorating studio. (Sources: *Directory of European Porcelain* by Ludwig Danckert, page 413; and Keramik-Marken Lexikon,1885-1935, by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 293). The blue mark with the crown is that of Schneider & Co. of Altrohlau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, 1904-1945 (page 84 of Kovel's).
	Donath and Company, in business *c.1872-1916* in Dresden, Germany. This mark is c.1893-1916. The gold flower in this mark is covering the name of the factory that produced the blank. Blanks commonly used by Donath were from Meissen, Thomas, and Limoges. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page 19)
	Donath and Company, in business *c.1872-1916* in Dresden, Germany. This mark is c.1893-1916. The gold flower in this mark is covering the name of the factory that produced the blank. Blanks commonly used by Donath were from Meissen, Thomas, and Limoges. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page 19) Pictures of tea set and its mark contributed by P.W. of Chatham, Massachusetts, USA
	Dresden China, Dresden Pottery, East Liverpool, Ohio, The company used this mark c.1905-1925 while under the management of The Potters Cooperative which was founded in 1882 and lasted until 1925. This is the last mark shown for Dresden Pottery. The factory was originally founded in *1875* by Brunt, Bloor, and Martin. (Source: *Lehner's Encyclopedia of U. S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain, and Clay* by Lois Lehner, page 60.) (1) Mark found on plate pictured at far left and owned by Lorraine in New York who contributed these pictures. (2) Same mark also found on this beautiful plate owned by BJS in Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota. It came down to BJS from her grandmother to her mother and now to her. The scene is called Courtship.

(See Donath and Company)	Dresden, Donath. (See Donath and Company)
(See Klemm, Richard)	Dresden, RK. (See Klemm, Richard)
	Dresden, RL. Unidentified. Please e-mail if you can help.
(See Signatures)	Duval. (See Signatures)
(See E & R)	Ebeling and Reuss (See E & R)
	Edelstein Bavaria. Edelstein Porcelain Factory, Kups, Bavaria, Germany, c.1931-1974. *Maria-Theresia* is most likely the style/design/shape of the mold. 16703 is apparently a pattern number. Found on this Moss Rose plate believed to be from the 1940's. Pictures contributed by *Ann in Georgia*.
	Edgewood China, USA. Apparently a small decorating shop that has not been documented in the reference books as far as we know. We have, therefore, been accumulating information through our Q & A link beginning in January 2005 and have received several contributions, including the following which has confirmed that Edgewood was apparently a decorating shop as we speculated in the beginning. We still don't know its exact location. A very nice e-bay seller sent us these pictures which have been very helpful in learning more about Edgewood. This Homer Laughlin mark is a whiteware mark from the 1920's-30's (Source: Decorative American Pottery Whiteware,* page 131, by Jeanie Klamm Wilby).* Notice the *gold Edgewood mark, which appears to be a decorating mark.* This supports the suggestion at the beginning of this posting on January 5, 2005, that Edgewood China must have been a small decorating shop that decorated whiteware from various factories, including whiteware from *Homer Laughlin China Company of West Virginia USA.* *"Thank you, Ben, for sending these pictures."* Ben's user name on ebay is the-nook.

	Here are more Edgewood marks that have been contributed to us by helpful viewers. See our Q & A of January 2005 for more details and pictures. Dates of these marks are unknown
	Elite Works, Bawo and Dotter, Limoges France. Red decorating mark is *c.1891-1900.* Bawo and Dotter were New York importers and had a decorating studio in Limoges, France, which they called The Elite Works. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 28, 33) Found on a miniature teacup with attached saucer. Our Item #3944
	Elite Works, Bawo and Dotter, Limoges France. Red decorating mark is *c.1900-1914. Green* whiteware mark is *c. after 1900.* Bawo and Dotter were New York importers and had a decorating studio in Limoges, France, which they called The Elite Works. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 28, 32, 33) Item #2271
	Elite Works, Bawo and Dotter, Limoges France. Same as previous mark except for the added word HAND PAINTED. This mark found on first Leaf Dish at left. The second dish has the same mark, but without the word Hand Painted. Both are owned by Perry Prescott of the Puget Sound/Washington State area and were purchased c.1900 by William Lancaster Hooper for presentation to his wife *Elizabeth Harriet Hooper.* The Hoopers were ancestors of Perry on his mother's side, and I believe were his grandparents.
	Elite Works, Bawo and Dotter, Limoges France. Same as previous red marks except with the added mark in gold -- *PORTE D'OR* -- perhaps a pattern line or name?? Found on our Item #3847 which is now sold.
	Elite Works, Bawo and Dotter, Limoges France. Green whiteware mark is c. after 1900. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 32) A red crown mark and the words *J.McD&S Limoges, is a decorating mark, 1890-1914* ((Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 233.) *Item #2394*
	Ens, Karl, a porcelain factory in Rudolstadt Volkstedt Thuringia Germany. The mark is shown in the German Trademark of Registry as being registered in *1900. How long it stayed in use is unclear. Found on this porcelain cherub owned by Judith F. in Boston, Massachusetts.* Judith inherited it from her aunt who acquired it at least 50 years ago (1950's), perhaps earlier. Where she found it is unknown.
	Ens, Karl, a porcelain factory in Rudolstadt Volkstedt Thuringia Germany. The mark is shown in the German Trademark of Registry as being registered in 1919, and it is shown to have still been in use in 1977. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, pages 394 and 671)
	Erphila. Presumably, this green circle that says Erphila is for Ebeling and Reuss (read next section) and possibly one of it earliest marks, though not documented until now as far as we know since we haven't been able to find it in any of the many books we have. We think it is pre-1935. It was found on an old Schumann creamer and sugar dated to *c.1920's or even earlier* and is the first confirmation we have that E & R (Erphila) was importing Schumann to the U. S. prior to World War II. (Click here for our Schumann research) Pictures contributed by Bruce Hoffmann of Hollister, Missouri.
	E&R Erphila, Ebeling and Reuss, *Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.* Founded in 1886, they were importers of china and glass from Europe. By the late 1930s and prior to the war, they were importing sizeable amounts of tableware and giftware from Germany, Czechoslovakia, England, France, Belgium, Denmark, Italy, Finland, and Sweden. This particular mark was designed in 1935 and incorporated the word Erphila -- ER for Ebeling and Reuss and Phila for Philadelphia. (Source: China and Glass in America 1880-1980, Dallas Museum of Art, page 289). This mark is found on our Item #1286.
	E&R, Ebeling and Reuss, *Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.* Unsure of date of this glazed-over paper seal, but without the word Erphila as part of the mark (see above), we assume it may be *c. late 1940's-early 1950's,* and possibly an interim mark used just after the war (WW II) and prior to putting the blue Golden Crown mark into use. Wild Rose is a pattern name from the Schumann Porcelain Factory of Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. E&R was importing china from Schumann to the U.S. prior to World War II and then resumed imports after the war ended in 1945. (Picture contributed by Betty Siegfort in Central Florida)
	E&R Royal Crown, Ebeling and Reuss, *Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Paper seal.* Without the word Erphila as part of the mark (see above), but with a crown similar to the later blue Golden Crown mark below, could this be another interim mark used just after the war (WW II)??? Until we find documentation otherwise, we assume this mark is *c. late 1940's-early 1950's,* and possibly an interim mark used after the war and prior to putting the blue mark into use. (Picture contributed by Diedre)
	E&R Golden Crown, Ebeling and Reuss, *Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.* This "newer" blue Golden Crown mark was put into use in 1954 (earliest that we can document based on old pamphlets). German china imported by E & R from Schumann, Jaeger, and Heinrich during the years 1954 and later will have this mark. (Click here for our Schumann research)
	E&R Golden Crown Italy, Ebeling and Reuss, *Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Paper sticker. c.1970's-80's.* Found on Italian porcelain roses purchased new in early-1990's from a shop going out of business that had been in business for decades. Inventory probably went back for decades as well.
	ES Germany. This beehive mark with the dot appears to be that of Erdmann Schlegelmilch of Suhl, Thuringia, Germany and one dated to c.1900's to 1920's (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Mary Frank Gaston, page 204). Item #2611
(See Prov SXE)	ES Germany PROV SXE (See Prov SXE)
(See Royal Saxe)	ES Germany Royal Saxe. (See Royal Saxe)
	First Choice ANF = Unidentified. Please e-mail if you know.
(See Pirkenhammer)	Fischer, Christian. (See Pirkenhammer)
	Franciscan Masterpiece China. Grey Renaissance is the pattern name. Mark used 1963-64 by Gladding, McBean & C./Interface Corp., Los Angeles, California. (Source: Kovel's Dictionarry of Marks, page 150.) Item #1935
	Franciscan, California USA. Mark used during the years of 1942-84, after which Franciscan was purchased by Wedgwood in England. As a result, all Franciscan wares are now manufactured in England rather than the USA. The California Desert Rose is considered to be the most desirable. Item #2203
	Franciscan, England, Staffordshire, England. From a set of Desert Rose dishes purchased brand new in the mid-1990's.
	Friedman Silver Co., Inc., Brooklyn, New York. According to references, this company began business in 1908 and was bought out by the *Gorham Corporation* in 1960. (Source:
	Fulda of Germany???? The closest we've come to identifying this mark is possibly a version of *Fulda* of Germany, 1763-1780 (page 192 of Kovel's marks of 1650-1850). However, there is enough variance in the mark that it is not a positive I.D. It may have been an attempt to copy the Fulda mark.
	GDA Limoges, Limoges, France. *Gerard, Dufraisseix & Abbot* who formed that partnership c.1900 and apparently used these marks *c.1900-1941. (Source: Gaston's Limoges Third Edition, page 152.)* Items #2542 and #3853
	Gerold Porzellan Factory, Bavaria, West Germany. West Germany dates this particular mark to *late 1949 or later* when West Germany was established after World War II. The factory, however, was established in 1904. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, page 450)
	Gorham Fine China. Elegance Gold is the pattern. No information about the age of this mark or pattern. *Item #1878*
	Gorham Corporation. From c.1899 when they registered this trademark (lion facing right). (Source:
	Ginori, Richard, Italy. This mark appears to be the hand-drawn mark used 1842-1860 as described on page 90 of Kovel's. The Directory of European Porcelain, pages 92 and 93, seems to date it *1868-1903*. The exact date is obviously uncertain. Either way, it seems safe to say it is from the last half of the 19th Century. Artist's signature from a hand-painted Ginori piece.
	Gottlieb, A., New York. Possibly a department store in New York in the 1890's or *early 1900's, but don't know that for certain. Paired with a Limoges France* factory mark used after 1891. Found on a plate hand painted by a listed Limoges artist and owned by JK of Indianapolis, Indiana (see our Q&A link for more information).
(See W.G.&Co.)	Guerin, William & Co. (See W.G.&Co.)
	Hammersley & Co., England. Same as mark below except different color. Item #2119
	Hammersley & Co., England. c.1939-1950's. (Source: Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III, by Jim and Susan Harran, page 362) Item #2635
	Hammersley & Co., *England.* *Princess House Exclusive* and *A Member of the Spode group of companies. Item #2401*
	Hammersley & Co., *England. Strawberry Ripe. Item #2311*
	Hammersley & Co., *England. Dresden Sprays. Item #2096*
	Habsburg China Austria. Found on a plate with an MZ Austria mark. *Item #2182*
	Habsburg China Austria. Found on this chocolate set owned by S.S. in Davenport, Iowa. See our Q & A posting of April 2, 2008, for more pictures and this very interesting story.
(See Signatures)	Hataway, Thelma. (See Signatures)
	Haviland & Co., Limoges, France. The red mark is c.1889-1931. The green mark is c.1888-1896. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 178)
	Haviland & Co., Limoges, France. The red mark is c.1889-1931. The green mark is c.1894-1931. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 178)
	Haviland & Co., Limoges, France. Just like the above mark except with the added words "Decorated By".
	Haviland, Theodore, Limoges, France. c.1895-1903. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 180)
	*Haviland, Theodore, Limoges, France.* c.1903-1925. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition**, by Gaston, page 180)
	Haviland, Theodore, Limoges, France. *c.1904-mid-1920's.* Notice the underlined *Theodore. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition*, by Gaston, page 180)
	Haviland, Theodore, Limoges, France. c.1925-mid-1940's. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 180) Notice Saumur which is pattern name. Item #2743
	Haviland, Theodore, New York. 1937 to present (the source book was published in 1986, so don't know if this mark is still being used in the 21st Century). (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 78) Notice *Apple Blossom* which is pattern name.
	Haviland, Theodore, New York. 1937 to present (the source book was published in 1986, so don't know if this mark is still being used in the 21st Century). (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 78) Notice Gotham which is pattern name.
	Haviland, Theodore, New York. 1937 to present (the source book was published in 1986, so don't know if this mark is still being used in the 21st Century). (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 78) Notice Rosalinde which is pattern name.
(See Elite Works)	J. McDaS Limoges. (See Elite Works)
	H&Co, Heinrich & Co., Selb, Bavaria, Germany. c.1911-1934. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 156) Notice the addition in red of the name John Wanamaker. We've been told that John Wanamaker was a large department store in Philadelphia and were apparently sellers of this china. Item #1968
	H&Co, *Heinrich & Co., Selb, Bavaria, Germany.* c.1930-39. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 156). Item #1966
	H&Co. Probably Heinrich, but not certain. Item #2140
(See Signatures)	Heine, C. (See Signatures)
(See *H & Co.)*	Heinrich (See *H & Co.)*
	Hertwig & Co. Porcelain Factory, Katzhutte, Thuringia, Germany. Among other things, they were known for making figurines and dolls. The mark is dated *c.1914-1958. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain* by Robert Rontgen, pages 49 and 426)
	Herzog Galleries Houston. Apparently a decorating studio. Red back stamp, which also says Made in Austria Hand Painted. c. mid-20th century. The underglaze green Rosenthal mark is dated to 1949-54. Found on Rosenthal blanks, Items 2346A-F
	Hutschenreuther, C.M.H., Porcelain Factory Carl Magnus Hutschenreuther, Hohenberg, Bavaria, Germany. (Father of Lorenz Hutschenreuther) In business 1814-1969. A green underglaze whiteware mark used c.1914-1938. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 110 and 419) Paired with an F.A. Schumann decorating mark, *c.1880-1914* (See *Schumann, F.A. more more information on this mark.) Pictures contributed by K.M. in Granite Bay, California.* This is one of a set of six small plates brought back from Germany by K.M.'s uncle after *World War II.* These were part of a set that was apparently decorated sometime *c.1914.*
	Hutschenreuther, C.M., Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. Apparently a whiteware mark for Hutschenreuther. No date so far. (Shown on page 39 of Ludwig Danckert's New Revised and Expanded Edition of Directory of European Porcelain) See "Waldershof" for picture of tea set with this mark owned by Joan in Ontario, Canada.
	Hutschenreuther, L.H.S., Porcelain Factory Lorenz Hutschenreuther, Selb, Bavaria, *Germany.* (Son of Carl Magnus Hutschenreuther) In business *1857-1969.* A green underglaze whiteware mark was used c.1920-1957. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 45 and 479) Item #1896
(See Austria)	Imperial Crown China. (See Austria)
	J&C, Malmaison, *Jaeger & Co. Porcelain Factory, Marktredwitz, Germany.* This underglaze green mark was entered into the German Trademark Registry in 1898 (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, Ludwig Danckert, pages 267 and 669). Malmaison is apparently referring to the roses. Here is a link about "Antique Roses." Found on a hand painted plate, our Item #2688 Also found on this beautiful handpainted bowl, our Item #3993. These are obviously not roses, yet it has the Malmaison mark. It was obviously pre-stamped whiteware, apparently intended for the roses, but used for the grapes instead. Signature Stratton is shown at left. 9" diameter. E-mail if interested in purchasing.
	JKW Carlsbad, Bohemia. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* and Decorating Shop. c.1930. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 496) Pictures contributed by MK
	JKW Carlsbad, Bohemia. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* and Decorating Shop. c.1945-49. Established in Carlsbad around 1930 and then re-established after World War II in *Wiesau, Bavaria, Germany.* (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 496)
	JKW Bavaria, Western Germany. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* *and Decorating Shop.* *c.1949 ff.* (Germany was divided into East and West in late 1949.) Established in Carlsbad around 1930 and then re-established after World War II in Wiesau, Bavaria, Germany. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 496) Item #2420
	JKW Bavaria, Western Germany. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* *and Decorating Shop.* *c.1949 ff.* Same information as above, except that what is interesting about this JKW mark is that it was overstamped with a crown and shield and Hutchenreuther Tirschenreuther Germany. There is yet a third mark -- Otco Bavaria Germany. Perhaps the blank plate that has these marks was manufactured by *Hutchenreuther,* decorated by *JKW,* and then distributed by OTCO -- perhaps OTCO was a retailer??? Item #2772
	JKW Bavaria, Western Germany. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* *and Decorating Shop.* *c.1949 ff.* Same information as above, except this JKW mark is mingled with a black Schumann factory whiteware mark.
	JKW Bavaria, Western Germany. *Josef Kuba Porcelain Factory* *and Decorating Shop.* *c.1949 ff.* Same information as above, except this JKW mark is mingled with a Rosenthal factory whiteware mark. Notice the additional beehive mark, a frequently reproduced mark. Found on this pair of beautiful plates owned by Lana Also found on this beautiful plate owned by AIM in Marlboro, New Jersey, also with a mingled Rosenthal factory mark, but without the beehive
	J.McDaS Limoges, France. Red crown is a decorating mark, 1890-1914 ((Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 233). *Green* mark is a whiteware mark used c.after 1900. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 32). Found on an Elite Limoges dish. Item #2394
	J.P.L., Jean Pouyat, Limoges, France. The green *J.P.L.* marks are whiteware marks used *c.1890-1932.* The red mark is a decorating mark of Oscar Gutherz of Austria who worked only a short time in Limoges in the late 1800's. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, pages 238 and 346) *Item #2285*
	J.P.L., Jean Pouyat, Limoges, France. Same as previous mark except for the added Limoges France in black.
	J.P.L., Jean Pouyat, Limoges, France. The middle mark is a whiteware factory mark for Pouyat, c.1890-1932. The mark at the far right is a decorator's mark for Pouyat. c.1914-1932. The mark at far left is an importer's mark for John Wanamaker, a large department store in Philadelphia, with locations in Paris and New York as well according to this mark, c. early 1900's. Found a set of Limoges china owned by D.R. in Florida
JPSV (See Seltman	JPSV (See Seltman)
(See Czechoslovakia)	JSK Czechoslovakia. Porcelain Factory Giebhubel Johann Schuldes. (See Czechoslovakia)
	J.T.P., Unidentified. Please e-mail if you can help. Similar to the Davenport marks, a ceramic factory in Longport, England, 1793-1882 (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 234). The Davenport marks, however, do not include the J.T.P., so this mark still remains a mystery. Also similar to marks by Porsgrund Porcelain Factory of Porsgrunn, Norway, but still not the same. Found on this set of plates from Svetlana and Troy in Michigan.
(See Tieles, J. Tieles Porcelain Factory)	J.T.P., Paris, France. (See Tieles, J. Tieles Porcelain Factory)
	K & A Krautheim, Selb Bavaria Germany. This mark is dated from 1922-1945. After 1945, the word Franconia was added to the mark. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 65)
	Kahla Porcelain Factory, Thuringia, Germany. Dated to the years of *c.1957-1964.* (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 99) The mark also says "Made in GDR" which means it was made in **Eastern Germany. Item #2380**
	Kaiser Porcelain, Staffelstein, Bavaria, West Germany. Although the Kaiser factory was originally founded in 1872, this particular mark is dated 1970-1990 (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Robert Rontgen, pages 153 and 484). Germany was divided into East and West in late 1949 following the end of World War II in 1945. Germany was once again reunited in 1990. Item #3868
(See Taylor-Kent)	Kent China England = (See Taylor-Kent)
	Kent, James, Stoke, Staffordshire, England. Harmony Rose pattern from the Old Foley line of James Kent. This company is shown in references to have started business in 1897 and apparently continues today. *Item #1572*
(See Signatures)	Kimball, M. C. (See Signatures)
	Klemm, Richard, a decorating studio in business from 1869-1949 in Dresden, Germany. These particular marks have been dated to the years of *c.1891-1914.* The gold rectangle part of the second mark is covering the name of the factory that produced the blank. Blanks commonly used by Klemm were from Meissen, Rosenthal, KPM, Silesia, and Limoges. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, pages 52, 53)

	Konig B, D. Bavaria. I haven't been able to find this mark in any of the books, but are told that it is for Bernardo, which I also have not been able to find. I believe it is most likely a very new mark. If anyone can help, please e-mail. (This mark was sent to us by C.M.)
(See P. K. Silesia)	Konigszelt Porcelain Factory. (See P. K. Silesia)
(See K & A)	Krautheim. (See K & A)
(See Steinmann)	K. St. T., Germany. (See Steinmann)
(See Steinmann)	K. Steinmann Porzellanfabriken (See Steinmann)
(See JKW Bavaria)	Kuba, Josef, Wiesau, Bavaria, Germany. (See JKW Bavaria)
	Lady Hamilton. (no other information)
	Lamberton China, Ivory, Made in America. Lamberton China was apparently owned by Sterling China of Wellsville, Ohio. The closest we can come to dating this is *c.1940's-50's*.
	Lamm, Ambrosius, a decorating studio in business from 1887-1949 in Dresden, Germany. This particular mark has been dated to 1891-1914. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, pages 83-84)
	Lanterneir & Co., A., Limoges, France. After World War I according to two references. Item #2637
(See "Edgewood China" for Laughlin whiteware mark.)	Laughlin, Homer. (See "Edgewood China" for Laughlin whiteware mark.)
(see *"Limoges"* below)	Laviolette, Limoges, France. (see *"Limoges"* below)
	LB Germany. Unknown mark. Unknown Mark found on this coffee set owned by Ruby Wade in Valrico, Florida. Please e-mail if you can identify this mark.
	Lefton China, *George Zoltan Lefton China Company, Chicago, Illinois.* This particular mark was used c. 1949-1955 (Source: *Lehner's Encyclopedia of U. S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain, & Clay* by Lois Lehner, page 255). Lefton was a distributor of imported giftware from Japan beginning in 1940 and is apparently still in business today, although George Lefton himself is now deceased (since the mid or late 1990's). Lefton Cup
	Lefton China, George Zoltan Lefton China Company, Chicago, Illinois. This particular mark and seal are on figurines known to have been purchased in the very early 1970's. (See previous mark above for more information about Lefton.) Item #2240
	Legle Porcelaine d'Art, Limoges, France. c.1980's or later. Item #2796
(See LS&S below)	Legrande, Limoges, France. (See LS&S below)
	Leneige. From what little we've been able to find in research, Leneige was apparently a company in business during the years of 1933-1954 in California. Item #2223
	Leonard, P.H., a New York importer of porcelain, who used a very similar mark c.1890-1908 and in business c.1890-1910. (Sources: Page 107 of Rontgen's and page 117 of Kovel's)
	Limoges and Bassett Austria. c. late 19th century to 1914, just before World War I. George Bassett was a New York importer who imported already decorated wares from Limoges and Austria during those years. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 247) 90
	Limoges China. Reproduction mark. Not genuine Limoges. Used on reproduction pieces most likely of Taiwan or similiar origin. First started appearing in the 1980's. (Sources: (1) *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 16; and (2) Collecting Hand Painted Limoges Porcelain, by Debby DuBay, page 202)
	Limoges, France -- unidentified mark. Similar to Charles Ahrenfeldt, but not exact.
	Limoges, France -- unidentified mark.
	Limoges, France. I have finally found a little information about this mark, but the resources seem to vary as to age. It is apparently a decorating mark for *Prevot Porcelain in Limoges, France.* The *Directory of European Porcelain* by Danckert says it was used beginning 1979 (page 329 of his newest edition, 2004). However, the *E-Limoges* website which we've just discovered says that is was used as early as 1969 and probably earlier. *Mark found on our Item #2663*
	Limoges, France. Factory mark used after 1891. Paired with another mark, A. Gottlieb, that was most likely a New York department store, though we don't know that for certain. Found on this beautiful plate owned by JK of Indianapolis, Indiana. It was hand painted and signed by a listed Limoges artist, J. Soustre. (See our Q&A link for more information)
	Limoges, France. Castel, Limoges, France. Mark used 1955-1979 (Source: Antique Limoges at Home, Debby DuBay, page 233). Item #2762
	Limoges, France. Laviolette, Limoges, France, c.1896-1905. A factory whiteware mark. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 351) (Also see LS&S below.)
	Limoges, France. Martin, Charles, Limoges, France. Mark used c.1891-1930's. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 365) Found on this beautiful demicup owned by Kathy Burns, Bethel, Connecticut, USA
	Limoges, France. LaSeynie Limoges, P and P France. Paroutaud Freres, Limoges, France. Mark used 1903-1917. (Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 234). Paired with a *Marshall Field of Chicago* mark. Found on this chocolate set owned by T.W. of . The set was obviously decorated exclusively for the Marshal Field Department Store in Chicago.
	LS Limoges, Leon Sazerat and Blondeau, *Limoges, France, c.1891 to late 1890s, apparently used after Sazerat became deceased. The company was apparently out of business by the late 1890's and few examples are found of any of their marks. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 380)
	*LS&S, L. Straus and Sons,* Limoges, France, c.1891 to mid-1920's. An export mark. Also found in red. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 278) Sources differ as to whether the L. is for Lewis or Lazarus. Based on documentation received from Yidi Zelcer of Brooklyn, New York, it is Lazarus. The second picture shows the LS&S mark in combination with a Laviolette factory mark used c.1896-1905 on whiteware. (Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 232) The third picture (contributed by Elaine in New York City) shows the LS&S mark in combination with a Legrand factory mark used c.1920's on whiteware. (Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 232) The fourth picture (contributed by Scott in Portland, Oregon) is the red version of this LS&S mark. The other mark is unidentified at this writing and appears to be backward C's** with an M in the middle.



(See "Redon" below)	Limoges, France. M. Redon. (See "Redon" below)
	Made in Germany *"Made in Germany"* dates to 1891 or later (Source: Kovel's, pages 229 and 231)
	Made in Germany *"Made in Germany"* dates to 1891 or later (Source: Kovel's, pages 229 and 231)
	Made in Germany *"Made in Germany"* dates to 1891 or later (Source: Kovel's, pages 229 and 231)
(See Signatures)	Martin, J. (See Signatures)
	Meissen Item #2360 (Tea Set and Tray)
(See Porcelain Factory Merkelsgrun)	Merkelsgrun Bohemia. (See Porcelain Factory Merkelsgrun)
	Mikasa, Made in Japan. Blue Daisies is the pattern name. c.1980. All of these marks are found in a set of dishes purchased brand new and at the same time around 1980. Item #2250
	Milton Austria Unidentified mark. Item #2350
	Minton, Marlow, Stoke, Staffordshire, England. Beginning in 1951 (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 110). Item #2340
	Mintons, Golden Symphony, Stoke, Staffordshire, England. c.1912-1950 (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 107) Item #2638
	Mintons, England, Birks. The closest I can come to dating this Mintons mark is possibly *c.1891-1902* (Source: Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III,* Jim and Susan Harran, page 366).* As to the second mark with the word *BIRKS,* there was a Birks, Rawlins & Co., and like Minton, was also in business in Stoke, Staffordshire, England, but I can't find a mark for them even close to this one. Item #2729
	Mintons for Gilman Collamore & Co, New York. Found on a hand painted plate. Item #2369
	Mintons for Tiffany & Co., New York. Found on a hand painted plate. Item #2370
	Mitterteich, *Bavaria, Germany.* A whiteware mark. Apparently one of the older marks for this factory. (More later) Item #1897
	Mitterteich Bavaria Made in Germany. Item #2321 (More later)
	Mitterteich Bavaria. Shown in references as being in use from 1945 forward (Source: Marion Weinreich in Germany). Item #1957
	Mourey, P.H. 19th Century metal (bronze and spelter) caster of French clocks, ewers, mantle pieces, etc., that are gilded and decorated with Sevres-style hand painted porcelain panels.
(See Redon, M.)	M. R. France (See Redon, M.)
	M. Z. Austria, Moritz Zdekauer, Altrohlau, Bohemia (now Stara Role, Czechia). Marks used c.1884-1909. (Source: Pages 56, 62, and 373 of Rontgen's and page 16 of Directory of European Porcelain) See Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
	M. Z. Austria, Moritz Zdekauer, *Altrohlau, Bohemia (now Stara Role, Czechia).* Yet another version of the M.Z. factory mark. Similar to one above, but larger crown. Zuhlsdorf's German Lexicon, page 51, show this mark having been used up until 1918. No beginning date shown, but appears to have probably been around 1910, if not earlier. Paired with this L.S.S. importer's mark that was used 1891-1917 by New York importer L. Straus & Sons (Source: page 78 of Bohemian Decorated Porcelain by Dr. James Henderson.). Found on a lidded tureen (picture on the way) owned by M.M. in Fairfax, Virginia. Family history of the chain of ownership says it was brought by family members to the U. S. from Germany sometime between 1890 and 1912. That timeframe agrees with the dates of the marks. It should be noted that the importer Straus did business in New York, London, Paris, Limoges, Rudolstadt, Kamenicky Senov, and Karlovy Vary (page 77 of Henderson's book). Straus would have ordered wares (complete with the Straus importer's mark) from the M.Z. factory, who in turn would have shipped to the designated Straus destinations, whether in Europe or America. Therefore, M.M.'s ancestor who brought the tureen to the U.S. would have been able to purchase it in Europe complete with both the factory mark and the importer's mark.
	M. Z. Czechoslovakia, Altrohlau Porcelain Factories, Altrohlau, Bohemia (now Stara Role, Czechia). Mark used c.1918-1939. (Sources: Pages 58 and 373 of Rontgen's and page 23 of Kovel's) See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
	M. Z. Czechoslovakia, Altrohlau Porcelain Factories, Altrohlau, Bohemia (now Stara Role, Czechia). Mark used c.1918-1939. (Source: Pages 373 and 344 of Rontgen's *Third Edition)* See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region
(See Waldershof)	N Bavaria (See Waldershof)
	Nagoya Japan. Remnants of an old paper label found on a Nagoya bowl. Item #2630
Picture not available	Naudot & Co., Camille, Paris, France.
(See Waldershof)	Neukirchner Porcelain Works (See Waldershof)
	Nippon, mark used beginning in 1911. (Source: *Nippon Porcelain Fifth Series* by Van Patten, page 108)
	Nippon, mark used beginning in 1891. (Source: *Nippon Porcelain Fifth Series* by Van Patten, page 108)
	Nippon. Cherry blossom in a circle. c.1891-1921. The closest we can come to identifying this mark is page 103 of Van Patten's book. She shows very similar, though not exact, marks and says they are found in blue, green, and magenta. Ours is magenta, as you can see. (Source: *Nippon Porcelain Fifth Series* by Van Patten, page 103) Found on our Item #2061 biscuit jar shown at left. Also found on this vase shown, one of a pair given to Mary and Richard in Rochester , New York. They were given the vases in 1992 by a lady who was 76 at the time and explained to them the history of Nippon and Japan. The vases had been passed down to her from her mother. Our biscuit jar and their vase have this exact mark. Mary and Richard's knowledge of the history of their vases helps to verify the identification of this mark as being genuine Nippon.


	Nippon possibly - as yet unidentified
	Noritake/Nippon, RC. Mark used beginning in 1911 for items intended for export to the U.S. RC is for Royal Crockery fine china. (Sources: *Nippon Porcelain Fifth Series* by Van Patten, page 111; and Noritake, by Van Patten, pages 91 and 97) Item #2847
	Noritake China, Japan. Camillia is the name of the pattern. c.1933-1953. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Noritake, Joan Van Patten, pages 93 and 101) Item #3906
	Noritake China, Japan. Somerset is the name of the pattern. c.1953-64. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Noritake, Joan Van Patten, pages 93 and 104) Item #2104
	Nymphenburg, Royal Porcelain Manufactory, Nymphenburg, Bavaria, Germany. c.1895-1920. (Source: Keramik-Marken Lexikon by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 275) Found on this beautiful plate owned by Lorry Baldwin of Arizona, USA
	Occupied Japan, American Beauty. The *Occupied Japan* part of the mark dates it to 1945-52 just after World War II when Japan was occupied by the Allied forces.
	Occupied Japan, Ardalt. The *Occupied Japan* part of the mark dates it to 1945-52 just after World War II when Japan was occupied by the Allied forces.
	Occupied Japan, Chubu China. The *Occupied Japan* part of the mark dates it to 1945-52 just after World War II when Japan was occupied by the Allied forces.
	Occupied Japan, Trimont China. The *Occupied Japan* part of the mark dates it to 1945-52 just after World War II when Japan was occupied by the Allied forces.
	O&E.G., Oscar and Edgar Gutherz, Altrohlau, Austria, *1899-1918. (Source: Kovel's, page 74). Same as mark below, but without a pattern name. Found on hand painted plates that were probably the work of an American china painter. This is no doubt a whiteware mark for decoration outside* the factory. This same mark with a pattern name added as shown below indicates decoration inside the factory.
	O&E.G., Oscar and Edgar Gutherz, Altrohlau, Austria, *1899-1918. (Source: Kovel's, page 74 ). Rose Dubarry* is one of the pattern names used by Gutherz on factory decorated pieces. Found on a hand painted demicup and plate. The mark above without a pattern name was used on whiteware that was decorated outside the factory, while those with a pattern name infers decoration inside the factory.
	Ohme, Hemann Ohme Porcelain Factory, *Niedersalzbrunn, Silesia, Germany,* in business c.1882-1930. This area is now Szczwienko, Poland. (Source: Kovel's, page 16). Carmen appears to be a pattern name. Also according to Kovel's Newsletter of May 2007, this mark was used 1918-1922. This factory was known for producing products known as Old Ivory. *Item #2749*
	Orlik. Alfred Orlik had a shop on Madison Avenue in New York as early as 1940 and perhaps earlier. We have an October 1940 issue of House Beautiful magazine with an Alfred Orlik ad for an English breakfast set. The *Orlik* name in the ad is in the exact same style as the one you see in this mark which is found on some Schumann Forget-Me-Not plates. The U. S. Zone part of this mark dates to *1945-1949.* Apparently Orlik was a china retailer before and after World War II. How long he was in business, we don't yet know.
	OS St. Kilian Germany, Oscar Schlegelmilch Factory, Langewiesen, Thuringia, Germany. The green OLS mark is dated to *c.1904. The Beehive mark is dated to 1892. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Fourth Series,* by Gaston, pages 249 and 250). Item #2318
	OS St. Kilian Germany, Oscar Schlegelmilch Factory, Langewiesen, Thuringia, Germany. Same as above, but without the beehive mark. Found on this beautiful vase owned by H.G.
	Osborne China.
(See JKW Bavaria)	OTCO, Bavaria, Germany. Perhaps a retailer?? (See JKW Bavaria)
	Ovington's, New York, Chicago. *Ovington's, New York, Chicago* was a retailer on Fifth Avenue in New York City and no doubt special ordered this pattern from the Rosenthal China Corporation sometime between the years 1925 and c.1941, the years Rosenthal used this cartouche mark. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 120). One source says 1939-1945 for this particular cartouche mark; however, those were the years we were at war with Germany. All trade with Germany totally ceased during that time. There would have been no special orders between Ovington's of New York and Rosenthal of Germany during those particular years. Pictures contributed by SP in Illinois (Also See *Rosenthale*)
	Ovington Bros., New York. A retailer on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Was also in Chicago. The Aynsley mark dates back to the 1920's. Found on a set of dishes known to have been purchased in NYC prior to1935. So, the Ovington mark is at least as old as pre-1935. Currently owned by *KSH of Santa Barbara, California.* Her grandmother was the original purchaser and owner. If you know the name of the pattern and/or source for replacement saucers, please see our "Requests" link for contact information for KSH.
	Ovington's, New York, Chicago. A retailer on Fifth Avenue in New York City, as well as in Chicago. Found on a set of 1939 TK Thun demicups, which were decorated especially for Ovington's.
	Ovington Brothers. Very interesting combination of marks, including this one for the retailers Ovington Brothers of New York and Chicago. Found on this beautiful plate owned by MA in Williamstown, Massachusetts: The portrait is that of *Madam de Parabere.* Her name is so inscribed by on the back of the plate. The gold used for her name seems to match the gold of the as yet unidentified mark of the "Paris Gold Knight." The blue circled mark says *Sevres 1844, and appears to be a genuine Sevres mark. I believe this plate left the Sevres factory as an undecorated whiteware piece and decorated later in the "Sevres Style". The red* mark says Chateau Des Tuileries and is most likely that of a Limoges or Paris decorator. (A similar mark is shown on page 395 of Gaston's Third Edition Limoges book, except it is Chateau De St. Cloud. It is referred to as an overglaze decorating mark and dated c.1905.) The as yet unidentified "Gold Knight Paris" mark seems familiar, but haven't been able to find it in any of my books. Please e-mail if you know.
	P.A., Arzberg, Bavaria. *Arzberg Porcelain Factory, Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. Mark used c.1927-1981.* (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 114) (Picture of mark is courtesy of Anita in Virginia)
	Paragon China, England. References say the top portion of this mark was used 1932-39. Therefore, the reference to Queen Elizabeth is apparently referring to the current Queen's mother, also named Elizabeth and who was on the throne with her husband, King George VI, who reigned from 1937-1952. That narrows the date of this particular mark to 1937-1939.
	Paragon China, England. 1939-49
	Paragon China, England. Queen Elizabeth Coronation Cup, June 2, 1953.
	Paragon China, England, Marlborough Series. c.1950's or later.
	Paragon China, England. c.1950's or later.
	Petit, Jacob, worked for a short time in Fontainbleau, France, in the mid-19th century and used this mark c.1830-1862. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, page 124)
	Pickard China. A decorating studio in *Chicago, Illinois.* Mark was used beginning in 1938 (Source: Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 73).
	Pickard China. This mark is same as one above except for the lion. This version is not found in any of the books I have.
	Pickard China. The gold Pickard decorating mark was used 1925-30 (Source: Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 72). The other mark appears to be a Rosenthal whiteware mark. Notice the misspelling, Rosinthale, and that it appears to have been drawn by hand.
	Pickard China, The gold Pickard decorating mark is same as one above. The *R S Tillowitz Silesia* mark is a whiteware mark from the 1930's.
	Pickard China. This exact mark is not shown in the Pickard book, but is similar to one dated *1925-1930. (Source:* Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 72).
	Pirkenhammer, Bohemia. Christian Fischer operated a factory in Pirkenhammer, Bohemia. The incised CF mark is one used 1846-57, according to pages 365 and 366 of the Directory of European Porcelain by Ludwig Danckert. For more information about the Pirkenhammer factory and their hallmarks and history, go to www.pirken-hammer.com. For more about Bohemia and Czech history, click here for our Glossary.
	Pirkenhammer, Czechoslovakia. Pirkenhammer mark used 1918-1938, according to the Pirkenhammer website www.pirken-hammer.com. The other mark is dated to *c.1930-1935* and is that of Schmieger & Sons of Schonfeld, a decorating studio in Carlsbad, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. (Sources: Directory of European Porcelain, Ludwig Danckert, page 413; and Keramik-Marken Lexikon,1885-1935 Europa by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 293). Czechoslovakia was formed in 1918 at the end of World War I. In 1993, after the fall of communism, Czechoslovakia was divided into two countries = the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. A Slovak American viewer, Patrick Kiral, advised me of the two new names. "Thank you, Patrick." For more about Bohemia and Czech history, click here for our Glossary. Item #3909
	Pillivuyt et C^ie., la Porcelaine de France which I assume was/is probably a decorating mark for this factory/studio. The closest I can come to identifying it is on page 271 of *Danckert's* Directory of European Porcelain. However, this exact mark is not represented there, nor is there much information other than they began business in 1853. The city of origin appears to be *Mehun-sur-Yevre.* Item #2742
	P. K. Silesia. Konigszelt Porcelain Factory, Konigszelt, Silesia, Germany. In the *Directory of European Porcelain, this is the first* of four marks shown for this factory which is said to have been founded in 1860. The second mark shown in the book is said to have been registered with the German Trademark of Registry in 1880 -- so it appears that this mark was first used between the years of c.1860 and c.1880. How long it may have continued in use after 1880, we don't know. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 188 and 667) Item #2083
	PK Unity Germany. No information so far. E-mail if you know.
	PL Limoges France. See Redon, M. below.
	PLS Looks like a Tirschenreuth mark, but we can't identify it for certain as of now. Item #2375
	PM Bavaria, Porcelain Factory Moschendorf, Bavaria, Germany. In business c.1904-1938. Item #1934
	Porcelain Factory Merkelsgrun, Merkelsgrun, Bohemia (now Merklin, Czechoslovakia). Mark is dated to 1912-1918 (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 82 and 448) *Item #2610*
(see Legle)	Porcelaine d'Art. (see Legle)
	Porcelaine Palles, Limoges, France, a decorating company that was only in business from 1926-1950 and few examples of their work exist. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 379) Item #2195
	P R Meissen. Item #2607
	Prov SXE, ES Germany. This mark, which also includes the beehive, is one of those used by Erdmann Schlegelmilch of Suhl, Thuringia, Germany, c.1900-1920's. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Mary Frank Gaston, pages 203, 204, 215, 216). This is a green overglaze mark. Item #2620
	Prov SXE, ES Germany. 1920's. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Mary Frank Gaston, page 215)
(See Royal Rudolstadt)	Prussia Royal Rudolstadt. (See Royal Rudolstadt)
(See Schonwald Porcelain Factory of Arzberg)	P.S.A.A. Bavaria (See Schonwald Porcelain Factory of Arzberg)
(See *Tirschenreuth*)	P. T. Bavaria. (See *Tirschenreuth*)
	P. T. Germany, Porcelain Factory Tettau. This particular mark is *c.1902* when the factory started operating under that name *(one source says 1902; another says 1915).* (Sources: Pages 42 and 487 of Rontgen's and pages 449-450 of Directory of European Porcelain). *Items #2763 and #2764*
(See Rosina)	Queen's Rosina China. (See Rosina)
(See Unger & Schilde)	R (See Unger & Schilde)
(See Winterling)	*R Bavaria.* (See Winterling)
(See Rosenthal)	*R & C* (See Rosenthal)
(See Reichenbach)	*R Made in German Democratic Republic.* (See Reichenbach)
	Redon, M., Limoges, France, c.1891-1896. Whiteware mark. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 269)
	Redon, M., Limoges, France, c.1882-1896. The red mark is a decorating mark dated 1882-1896. The green MR mark is a factory mark dated 1891-1896. (Source: Antique Limoges at Home by Debby DuBay, page 235). Found on a set of dishes with an unknown pattern owned by Larry Bishop in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Please e-mail if you know this pattern.
	Redon, M., Limoges, France, c.1905-late 1930's. Green mark is a whiteware mark. Red mark is a decorating mark. The PL is for La Porcelain Limousine, the new factory name as of c.1905. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 269) Item #3929
	Reed and Barton. c. 1950's
	Reichenbach Porcelain Factory, Reichenbach, Thuringia, Germany. The GDR part of the mark is for "German Democratic Republic" *(East Germany)* which was established in 1949 and ended in 1990. Based on that, any items with this particular mark were made no earlier than *1949* and possibly as late as *1977* when Reichenbach put a different mark into use (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 383). Item #2585
(See RW Bavaria)	Retsch Porcelain Factory. (See RW Bavaria)
(See Klemm, Richard)	RK Dresden. (See Klemm, Richard)
(See Dresden)	RL Dresden. (See Dresden)
	Rogers, Wm. Mfg. Co., Hartford, Connecticut. Resource books indicate Rogers was in business under this name and used this mark from c.1865-1898, In 1898, they helped organize the International Silver Company.
	Rosenthal (R&C), Kronach, Upper Franconia, Germany. c. 1901-1927. This was the Kronach branch of Rosenthal & Co. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 273,274) Found on this demitasse saucer with the added word Dresden in gold, referencing the Dresden Flowers decoration. 4" diameter. Our Item #3995. Email if interested in purchasing.
	Rosenthale Ivory, Germany. c. 1930's. Ivory may be the name of the line. *Pompadour Titian* may be the style and the pattern. This elaborate cartouche mark was used 1925-1941 by the Rosenthal China Corporation in New York City. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 120) Our Item #1895
	Rosenthale Ivory, Bavaria, Germany. Ovington's, New York, Chicago was a retailer on Fifth Avenue in New York City and no doubt special ordered this pattern from the Rosenthal China Corporation sometime between the years 1925 and c.1941, the years Rosenthal used this cartouche mark. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 120). One source says 1939-1945 for this particular cartouche mark; however, those were the years we were at war with Germany. All trade with Germany totally ceased during that time. There would have been no special orders between Ovington of New York and Rosenthal of Germany during those particular years. Pictures contributed by SP in Illinois

	Rosenthale Bavaria, Selb-Bavaria, Germany. The e at the end means this is a *whiteware mark* for the Rosenthal factory. Resource books date it back to 1907-1930's. (Sources: *New and Revised Edition of Directory of European Porcelain* by Danckert, pages 12 and 597; and Keramik-Marken Lexikon by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 263.) It is found on this beautiful tankard set owned by M.W. of Wyoming USA
	Rosenthale, Ges. Geschutzt, Selb-Bavaria, Germany. A whiteware mark just like the one below except for the words, so assume it is also *c.1908-1953.* *Gesetzlich Geschutzt* translates to Legally Protected and is a patent mark used in Germany and Austria. Found on this cobalt pitcher with inlaid pewter scrollwork. (Pictures and translation contributed by Patty in Port Charlotte, Florida.)
	Rosenthale, Selb-Bavaria, Germany. c.1908-1953. Donatello is the style of the blank. A whiteware mark found on a set of hand-painted tea cups (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 137) Found on our Item #2353.
	Rosinthale, Selb-Bavaria, Germany. c.1908-1953. Apparently a whiteware mark on a bowl decorated by the Pickard studio in America. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 137) Item #2381
	Rosinthale, *Kronach, Germany. c.1933-1945. Moliere* is possibly the style of the blank. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 137)
	Rosinthale, Selb Bavaria, Germany. U. S. Zone dates to the 1945-49 era when the U. S. occupied Germany just after WW II. Pompadour is either the name of the pattern or the style of the blank. Item #2307
	Rosina China
	Rosina China, Queen's.
	Rosina China, Queen's, Richmond.
	Royal Adderley Prairie Rose, Canadian Provincial Flowers.
	Royal Albert Prairie Rose
	Royal Bavarian China, P.M.B., Germany. Found on this German chocolate pot. Pictures contributed by Darrell Lawson of Knoxville, Tennessee. The P.M.B. remains unidentified. Email if you know
	Royal Chelsea, England.
	Royal Copenhagen Denmark.
	Royal Crown Derby Tiffany, England and New York, 1890. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 246)
	Royal Doulton, England. According to the Doulton dating system described on page 237 of Kovel's Dictionary Marks, items with mark were manufactured in 1939 (the number 12 to the right of the mark is added to 1927 for the year 1939). Clifton is a pattern name.
	Royal Doulton, Kenilworth Castle. England. Kenilworth Castle appears to be the name of the scene on the plate that has this mark. *Item #2276*
	Royal Dux, *Dux Porcelain Manufactory,* Dux, Bohemia, (Czechoslovakia), 1900-1918, raised and impressed triangle mark. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 155)
	Royal Munich. Appears to have been a decorating studio (possibly in the general area of Germany that produced the popular R. S. Prussia and related products) that decorated whiteware from Z. S. & Co. of Rehau, Bavaria, Germany. Mary Frank Gaston's book on R. S. Prussia featuring R.S., E.S.,O.S., and C.S., Fourth Series, has a whole section on "Royal" marks such as Royal Vienna, Royal Berlin, Royal Coburg, Royal Frankfort, Royal Tillowitz, etc., which were apparently decorating marks. Royal Munich is possibly in that same category and just not documented. *Item #2085*
	Royal Rudolstadt. Beyer & Bock, Volkstedt, Germany. Mark is dated c.1905-1932. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 113).y Rontg Found on this hand painted plate.
	Royal Saxe ES Germany, Erdmann Schlegelmilch, *Suhl, Thuringia, Germany.* This mark is believed to have been used in the *1890's.* Royal Saxe was apparently a decorating studio that decorated ES whiteware. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Fourth Series, by Mary Frank Gaston, page 207) Item #1234
	Royal Standard, England. Mark was used beginning in 1949 until recent years. (Source: Collectible Cups & Saucers Book II, Jim and Susan Harran, page 352)
	Royal Stanley
	Royal Vienna. Apparently a decorating studio in the general area of Germany that produced the popular R. S. Prussia and related products. This particular mark with a crown and beehive are in a pale black or gray color and appear to be over the glaze. A similar crown mark is discussed on page 168 of the Fourth Series R. S. Prussia book by Gaston. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Fourth Series, by Mary Frank Gaston, page 168) Item #2343
	Royal Worcester, England, The Duchess.
	R.P.M. Germany, (no information at this time)
	RS Germany, Reinhold Schlegelmilch, Tillowitz, Silesia, Germany. Used beginning in 1910 and believed to have only been used by the Tillowitz factory. (Sources: Kovel's Dictionary of Marks, page 75; and Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Fourth Series, by Mary Frank Gaston, page 68) Item #1233
No Picture	R. S. Steeple, Reinhold Schlegelmilch, Suhl and Tillowitz, Germany.
	Rudolstadt, Beyer & Bock, Volkstedt, Germany, c.1905-1932. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 113). Item #2676
	Rudolstadt, Ernest Bohne Sons Porcelain Factory, Rudolstadt Volkstedt Thuringia Germany. c.1901-1920 (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page 196)
	Rudolstadt, Ernest Bohne Sons Porcelain Factory, Rudolstadt Volkstedt Thuringia Germany. *c.1901-1920.* The crown and N mark was originally used by Capo di Monte in Naples and has been widely copied by many factories. Because this mark was found on a piece that also included Germany stamped on it, we are assuming it is another one of the Bohne Sohne marks.

	Rudolstadt, New York & Rudolstadt Pottery, in business *c.1882-1918.* This mark was registered in the *German Trademark of Registry* on May 2, 1896. This factory was owned by U. S. importers Lewis Straus & Sons in New York. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 397 and 668; and Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 134)
	Rudolstadt, New York & Rudolstadt Pottery, in business *c.1882-1918.* This mark was registered in the *German Trademark of Registry* on *May 2, 1896. Same as above mark, but in gold* and blue. Picture contributed by J. T. in Sterling Heights, Michigan, USA. See our Q&A of December 19, 2006, for more information.
	RW Bavaria, Retsch & Co. Porcelain Factory, Wunsiedel, Bavaria, Germany. Established in 1885 and apparently still in business today. This particular mark was registered in the German Trademark Registry in *1899, but no ending date is given in any of the references. (Sources: Directory of European Porcelain* by Danckert, page 502; and Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 191 and 506) (Picture contributed by Carolyn in Virginia)
	Saxonia. *Unidentified.* Please e-mail if you can help.
	Saxony, Fraureuth Porcelain Factory, Fraureuth, Saxony, Germany. In business 1898-1935. This mark used c.1898-1928 (page 102 of Kovel's). Found on this plate that is initialed and dated 1913 on the back. The initials are probably that of the owner marking his/her property. Pictures contributed by David Wilson in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
	Saxony Porcelain Factory, Carl Thieme, Potschappel, Saxony, Germany. (Sources: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page108; Kovel's, page 132.
1876-1901
	Saxony Porcelain Factory, Carl Thieme, Potschappel, Saxony, Germany. (Sources: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page108)
1902 - ?
	Saxony Porcelain Factory, Carl Thieme, Potschappel, Saxony, Germany. (Sources: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page108)
1902 - ?
	Saxony Porcelain Factory, Carl Thieme, Potschappel, Saxony, Germany. (Sources: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page108)
1961 - Present
	Schaller & Co., Kirchenlamitz, Bavaria, Germany. 1921 to present. This factory is part of the Winterling Group. (Sources: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, 3rd Edition, by Rontgen, pages 162 and 427)
(See Von Schierholz)	Schierholz (See Von Schierholz)
	Schlegelmilch, Erdmann, Suhl, Thuringia, Germany. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of R. S. Prussia, Mary Frank Gaston, page 204). This is a blue overglaze mark. Although many have used the beehive mark, I'm inclined to believe this is a genuine ES mark.
(See Prov SXE)	Schlegelmilch, Erdmann, Prov SXE (See Prov SXE)
(See OS St. Kilian Germany)	Schlegelmilch,Oscar (See OS St. Kilian Germany)
(See RS Steeple)	Schlegelmilch, Reinhold (See RS Steeple)
(See Unger Schneider)	Schneider's Heirs (See Unger Schneider)
	Schonwald Porcelain Factory, Arzberg, Bavaria, Germany. Originally Porcelain Factory Theodore Lehmann (c.1898-1904) and acquired by Schonwald in 1904. This particular mark was used by Schonwald between the years 1920-27. In 1927-28, this factory was taken over by the Kahla Porcelain Factory and renamed Porcelain Factory Arzberg. (Sources: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, pages 250 and 376; and Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 24). Also see "Arzberg Porcelain Factory" above for that later mark.
	Schonwald Porcelain Factory, Upper Frankonia, Bavaria, Germany. Originally J. N. Muller Porcelain Factory (c.1879-1898). Taken over by and became a branch of Kahla Porcelain Factory in 1927 and given the name Schonwald Porcelain Factory. This mark (without the added words) was registered in 1911 in the *German Trademark Register.* The added words "Germany U. S. Zone" dates to the years 1945-49 when Bavaria was occupied by the U. S. following the end of World War II. (Sources: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, pages 74 and 475; and Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 414 and 670).
(See Czechoslovakia)	Schuldes Porcelain. (See Czechoslovakia)
(Click here for Schumann tables of marks and patterns.)	Schumann, Carl, Porcelain Factory, Arzberg Bavaria Germany. (Click here for Schumann tables of marks and patterns.)
(1)	Schumann & Schreider, Schwarzenhammer, Bavaria, Germany. In business 1905-1984. The first three marks are shown as being used sometime after 1905, but for how long is unclear. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, page 192). The third mark is on a pair of plates, Item #2671 The Eleanor mark , the best we have been able to determine, is probably a decorating mark. It's been found on items from other factories and is always in addition to a factory mark. This mark was contributed by Debbie for her Aunt *Wilma Jean, of Johnston City, Illinois.* It was found on a sugar and creamer set that Wilma Jean, as a small child, remembers being given to her mother by her Uncle Ira (Wilma's mother's brother). The date would have been around 1930 or so. (4) This fourth mark with the *U. S. Zone* dates it to the years 1945-1949, the years Bavaria was occupied by the U. S. just after World War II. Found on Item #3921 Mark #5 at left includes an unidentified mark with the words "Porzellan Imperial Germany." Possibly a decorator's mark. If you know, please e-mail. The mark is found on this plate. Pictures ontributed by Shana Rawls of Santa Fe, Texas. *See Q & A posting of February 20, 2010, for more details.*
(2)
(3)
(5)
	Schumann, F. A., Friedrich Adolph Schumann Porcelain Factory, Berlin, Germany. c.1835-1914. Discontinued porcelain production in 1880, after which they specialized in porcelain decorating. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 383). Though I can't find this particular F. A. Schumann mark, I'm assuming a date of c.1880-1914. Paired with a Hutschenreuther whiteware factory mark used c.1914-1938. (See Hutschenreuther, C.M. for more interesting information.)
(See Schumann & Schreider)	Schwarzenhammer, Bavaria, Germany. = (See Schumann & Schreider)
	Seltman, Johann Seltmann Porcelain Factory, Vohenstrauss, Bavaria, Germany. Apparently a whiteware mark used c.1901-1932. Found on the creamer shown in this group of handpainted china. The other pieces are unmarked. Pictures sent by RB in Asheboro, North Carolina.
(See Signatures)	Siesicki. (See Signatures)
	"Sevres", France. These over-the-glaze marks appear to be those from the reign of Louis-Phillippe in France, 1830-1848, and are most likely genuine Sevres marks, except for the red one, which I believe to be that of a decorator outside the Sevres factory. The blue circled mark says Sevres 1844. The backward P's mark says SV 40 or possibly 4G (can't read the last digit or letter). The red mark says Chateau Des Tuileries and is most likely that of a Limoges or Paris decorator. A similar mark is shown on page 395 of Gaston's Third Edition Limoges book, except it is Chateau De St. Cloud. It is referred to as an overglaze decorating mark and dated c.1905. The undecorated ware of the beautiful plate shown at left (our Item #2711) was probably actually produced by the Sevres factory, but not decorated there, therefore making it"Sevres"style, but not genuine Sevres. Only wares decorated inside the Sevres factory are genuine Sevres (Source: Decorative Plates by the Harrans, page 105). On page 301 of Warman's English and Continental Pottery & Porcelain, 2nd Edition, there is lengthy discussion of the many Sevres reproductions, many of them with Chateau marks. Anyone with additional information, please e-mail. Though "Sevres" style wares are not genuine Sevres, many of them are still beautiful and valuable in their own right. This plate is a good example of that.

(also see "Ovington's")	"Sevres" = (also see "Ovington's")
Signatures	Signatures -- more on the way -- work in progress
	Signature = Alberti. (See Bavarian Autumn Hand Painted for information)
	Signature = Ann. American China Painter most likely. Found in Torrance, California, on a hand painted plate on Schumann whiteware. Undated.
	Signature = Asher, Emma. American China Painter. Found on a pair of figurines in Dallas, Texas. Dated Christmas 1949. Item #2761
	Signature = Barlow, G. *American China Painter* most likely. Found on a hand painted plate in Dallas, Texas. Dated 1916. Item #2771
	Signature = Beall, 1931. *American China Painter* most likely. Found on our Item #3952. Schumann whiteware.
	Signature = Bernice. *American China Painter* most likely. Found in 2006 on a hand painted plate in Dallas, Texas. Undated.
	Signature = Bess. American China Painter. Found on a hand painted dish in Ft. Worth, Texas. Dated 1965. Items #2715 and #2716
	Signature = Clement, K. American China Painter most likely. Found on hand painted bowl in Louisiana with a Bavarian backstamp. Beautiful roses referred to as Crimson Rambler in the backstamp. Undated. Item #2777
	Signature = Cluck, L. American China Painter. Found on hand painted plates in Ft. Worth, Texas. Undated. Item #2731 and Item #2731

	Signature = Cox, Clifford. American China Painter. Found on a hand painted dish in Dallas, Texas. Not dated. Item #1939
	Signature = Darling, M. American China Painter most likely. Found on a hand painted vase in Michigan. Dated 1958. The vase was Schumann whiteware.
	Signature = Disnan, M. American China Painter most likely. Found on a hand painted ewer in Sioux City, Iowa. Date unknown. No whiteware mark.
	Signature = Douglas, L. American China Painter most likely. Found on a set of hand painted teacups in Dallas, Texas. Undated, but Rosenthale whiteware mark is dated c.1908-1953. Item #2353
	Signature = Duval. A documented Limoges artist. More of Duval's work can be found in the Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Mary Frank Gaston. Gorgeous roses. The green J.P.L. France (Jean Pouyat Limoges) whiteware mark was used *c.1890-1932.* Item #2285

	Signature = F., Myra. American China Painter most likely. Found on a Schumann whiteware blank. Signature is dated 1960.
	Signature = Fann. A documented decorator for *Oscar & Edgar Gutherz, in business 1898-1918 in the city of Altrohlau* in what is now the Czech Republic. See Q&A of March 31, 2010, for more information and related interesting story.
	Signature = Gall. American China Painter most likely. Found on a hand painted lidded bowl in Dallas, Texas. Not dated, but whiteware mark is dated to 1970 or after. Item #1949
	Signature = Galvim. American China Painter most likely, although European is also possible. Found on a beautiful hand painted plate in San Francisco, California. Not dated. The plate was originally owned by Devi's mother and goes back to the *1950's* at least and possibly to the *1940's,* based on Devi's family history. Devi believes it's possible the plate originated in Europe since his mother had a friend who brought her many things from Europe after World War II. (Pictures contributed by Devi Joseph of San Francisco)

	Signature = Gardner, Uarda. American China Painter most likely. Found on whiteware found in California. Signature is dated December 1956.
	Signature = GB 24. Our speculation that this is possibly that of Gilman Burley of Burley & Co., a decorating studio in Chicago, 1885-1931. Found on this chocolate set owned by S.S. in Davenport, Iowa. See our Q & A posting of April 2, 2008, for more pictures and this very interesting story.
	Signature = Geneva. American China Painter most likely. Found on a hand painted dish in Ft. Worth, Texas. Undated. Item #2733
	Signature = Hancock, G. Probably an American China Painter. Undated. Found in Dallas, Texas, in 2005 on hand painted plates with O&E.G. Austria backstamp. See Q&A of March 31, 2010, for more information and related interesting story.
	Signature = Hataway, Thelma. American China Painter, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, beginning in the 1950's. She is also a beloved Aunt of mine (my Mother's sister). Thanks to her two sons, my cousins, for allowing me to honor her in this way by giving her the public recognition she deserves for her wonderful artistic talent, as well as to acknowledge the influence she had on me that continues to this day, and to say "Thank You!!" to her for all of that and more. Her signature is on this beautiful plate she hand painted and gave to my Mother years and years ago. I will never part with this plate. This is in memory of both my Aunt and my Mother, both of whom are sorely missed.
	Signature = Hatcher, Alice. 1952-53. Probably an American China Painter. Found a a Schumann whiteware blank.
	Signature = Heine, C. Possibly an American China Painter. Found in Dallas, Texas, on a hand painted porcelain plate with a Bavarian backstamp. Beautiful roses referred to as Crimson Rambler in the backstamp. Item #2086
	Signature = Hull. Possibly an *American China Painter.* Found in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, on this beautiful hand painted plate with a PT Bavaria Tirschenreuth backstamp. The plate is owned by J. J. in Bartlesville. She rescued it from being tossed out as her parents were preparing for a move.
	Signature = Kimball, M. C. A documented *American Artist* who exhibited a portrait drawing in a Paris Salon in 1886. (Source: *Artprice.com* and *American Art at the Nineteenth-Century Paris Salons, page 361) Found on a 19th Century* French Pastel Portrait. Item #1847
	Signature = Laporte. A documented decorator for *Oscar & Edgar Gutherz, in business 1898-1918 in the city of Altrohlau* in what is now the Czech Republic. See Q&A of March 31, 2010, for more information and related interesting story.
Picture not available	Signature = Larsen, Carl. Unidentified. Found on our Item #2084
	Signature = Marie H. An American China Painter in Saginaw, Michigan. Found on a set of hand painted plates from the very early part of the 20th Century. See our Q&A of January 31, 2008, for this interesting story.
	Signature = Marling???? Found on a P. T. Bavaria chocolate set that was most likely decorated in the factory studio. See Tirschenreuth below for picture and more information.
	Signature = Marshall, Irene H. An American China Painter inWhittier, California. Examples of her work on Schumann whiteware are dated 1969. See Q&A of January 27, 2005, for this interesting story.
	Signature = Martin, A. Probably an American China Painter. Found in Omaha, Nebraska, on a pair of hand painted plates on Schumann whiteware. Undated.
	Signature = Martin, J. *A documented Limoges artist. Found on a Haviland Limoges Fish Set. Item #2355*
	Signature =Mistric, M. L. American China Painter. Found in Dallas, Texas, on a hand painted teapot and a lidded bowl. One is dated 1982. Items #1896 and #1897
	Signature =Muller, Paul Lothar. Listed German Artist. 1869-1956. See Q&A of March 9, 2010, for related interesting story.
	Signature = Pierce, Anna E. Possibly an American China Painter, but unsure. Found in Dallas, Texas, on bottom side of a hand painted bowl with a Bavarian backstamp. Item #2746
	Signature = Pol, A. Probably French China Painter/Decorator, c. late 19th or early 20th Century. Found on hand painted Sevres-style plate in Dallas, Texas. Item #2711
	Signature = Reda. Possibly a Limoges factory artist. Found in Dallas, Texas, on a pair of vases with an unidentified Limoges mark. Item #2747
	Signature = Siesicki (unsure of spelling). American China Painter. Appears to be Siesicki or Diesicki and dated 1984. Found on a hand painted vase in Dallas, Texas. Item #2632
	Signature = Soustre. Listed Limoges artist, J. Soustre (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 456.) Found on a plate owned by *JK of Indianapolis, Indiana* (see our Q&A link for more information).
	Signature = Stone, C. W. 1859-1882. Found on a 19th Century oil painting on canvas. Pastoral scene.
	Signature = Stratton. Undated. *c. early 20th century.* Found on handpainted bowl with J&C mark. (see J&C above)
	Signature = Tecs, O. (unsure of spelling). Found on a 19th Century hand painted Richard Ginori of Italy bowl. Beautiful roses. Item #2087
	Signature = V.B.F. Probably an American china painter. Found on hand painted sugar and creamer with Limoges whiteware marks dated to the 1890's. Item #2795
	Signature = Vouga. Probably an American china painter. Found on hand painted bowl with GDA Limoges whiteware mark dated c.1900-1941. Item #3853
	Signature = Waterman, M. Possibly an American china painter. Found on a hand painted porcelain plate with a mark that appears to be that of P. H. Leonard, a New York importer of porcelain, who used a very similar mark c.1890-1908 and in business c.1890-1910. Item #2349
	Signature = Yaples, S. Possibly an American china painter. Found on a hand painted porcelain vase in Dallas, Texas. No date on the signature and no whiteware mark, but believed to be very early 20th century. *Item #2631*
	Sitzendorfer, Voigt Brothers, Sitzendorf, Thuringia, Germany. c.1887-1900. Later renamed Sitzendorfer Porcelain Works. (Sources: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, page 130; The Book of Meissen, Second Edition, by Rontgen, page 297) Item #1192
	Sitzendorfer Porcelain Works (formerly Voigt Brothers), Thuringia, Germany. c.1902. Notice the mark is only in outline form, not solid as those shown in the books -- as though they weren't yet quite sure of its final look. Although references indicate a form of this mark was used 1902-1972 (see next mark), we believe this one is an even earlier mark than those shown in the books and closer to the 1902 date when the name was first changed from Voigt to Sitzendorfer. An additional indication of the older age is the circled Germany mark, found on older pieces from Germany to identify country of origin. Item #2714
	Sitzendorfer Porcelain Works (formerly Voigt Brothers), Thuringia, Germany. c.1954-present. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 136) Item #1668
	Steinmann, K. St. T., Germany. K. Steinmann, Tiefenfurth, Silesia, Germany, in business *1868-1938.* (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, by Ralph and Terry Kovel, page 97) Where in those years, this particular version falls is unclear.
	Steinmann, K. Steinmann Porzellanfabriken, Tiefenfurth, Silesia, Germany (now known as Parowa, Poland) This particular mark used 1900-1932. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, by Rontgen, pages 162 and 488)*. Item #2748*
	Stouffer China, J. H. Stouffer Company. A decorating studio in *Chicago, Illinois.* Mark used 1930-1942. (Source: Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 281).
	Stouffer Studio. J. H. Stouffer Company. An R. S. Germany blank decorated by the Stouffer Studio. The red Stouffer mark is dated 1920-24 (Source: Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 281).
	Stouffer China, J. H. Stouffer Company. A decorating studio in *Chicago, Illinois.* Mark used 1938-1946. (Source: Pickard China by Alan Reed, page 281). Item #2723
	Stulz Porcelain Decorating Studio, Strasbourg, France, c.1925. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, page 443) Item #2254
	Taylor-Kent, England. This mark was first used in 1920.
	T&V Limoges France, *Tressemann & Vogt,* *Limoges, France, 1892-1907.* The red bell mark is a decorating mark; the green star is a manufacturing mark. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 293). Notice the name of the pattern is Forget Me Not. Item #3867
	T&V Limoges France, *Tressemann & Vogt,* *Limoges, France, 1892-1907.* An underglaze factory mark. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 293) Notice the initials V.B.F., most likely an American china painter. Item #2795
	T&V Limoges France, *Tressemann & Vogt,* *Limoges, France, 1892-1907.* An underglaze factory mark. (Source: *Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 293) Notice the additional Davis Collamore & Co., Ltd., Fifth Ave & 57th St, New York, possibly an importer/decorator.
	T&V Limoges France Depose, Tressemann & Vogt, *Limoges, France, 1907-1919.* (Source: *Antique Limoges at Home* by Debby DuBay, pages 236 and 237) Similar mark with the added Stern Brothers New York, a department store chain founded in 1867 in Manhattan. Mark found on a set of dishes that were apparently made for marketing by Stern Brothers. Pattern name unknown. Pictures contributed by Barbara.
(See Signatures)	Tecs, O. (unsure of spelling). (See Signatures)
(See Saxony Porcelain)	Thieme, Carl, Saxony Porcelain Factory (See Saxony Porcelain)
	Thomas Bavaria, F. Thomas Marktredwitz Porcelain Factory of Marktredwitz, Bavaria, Germany, in production beginning in *1908* under the ownership of *Rosenthal.* They apparently continue in business today as part of the *Rosenthal* group. This particular mark was used around *1922* (Source: Marion Weinreich in Hamburg, Germany).
	Thomas Bavaria, F. Thomas Marktredwitz Porcelain Factory of Marktredwitz, Bavaria, Germany, in production beginning in *1908* under the ownership of *Rosenthal.* They apparently continue in business today as part of the *Rosenthal* group. This particular mark was used around *1922* (Source: Marion Weinreich in Hamburg, Germany).
	Thomas "Sevres" Bavaria, F. Thomas Marktredwitz Porcelain Factory, Marktredwitz, Bavaria, Germany. c.1908 plus. Item #2352
	Thomas Germany U S Zone, F. Thomas Marktredwitz Porcelain Factory, Marktredwitz, Bavaria, Germany. U. S. Zone was 1945-49, the years following WW II when Bavaria was occupied by the U. S. Military. Notice that the Thomas marks above include *"Bavaria",* but this one does not and only refers to "Germany." Mark contributed by James Asmussen in Williamstown, Massachusetts. See Q & A of March 9, 2010, for his interesting story.
	Three Crown China
	Thun, T.K., Bohemia Czechoslovakia, Count Thun's Porcelain Factory. 1918-1939. Ovington's is a retailer on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Found on a set of 1939 TK Thun demicups, which were decorated especially for Ovington's.
	Tieles, J. Tieles Porcelain Factory, Paris, France. The triangle mark is shown on page 355 of the Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert. There is, however, no date and no other information included about the factory in this book or any other books that I have.
(See C. T. Germany)	Tielsch, C. (See C. T. Germany)
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth, Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. According to two sources, this mark circled with foliage dates to somewhere between the years of *c.1903-1927* (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 92 and 489; and Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 453.) However, Zuhlsdorff in Germany identifies this mark as an export mark beginning c.1910 with no ending date shown (Source: Keramik-Marken Lexikon, 1885-1935, by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 271) Because it is found on this hand painted plate ( Item #2572), it was obviously exported as undecorated whiteware to the U.S. This plate is unsigned and undated.
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth, Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. This mark dates c.1903-1930 (Source: Keramik-Marken Lexikon, 1885-1935, by Dieter Zuhlsdorff, page 271). Found on this chocolate set owned by Brandy Swena in Yankton, South Dakota. Handpainted and signed. Most likely decorated in factory studio. Signature is not totally readable.
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth, Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany, The Dresden. c.?? - 1927. This PT Bavaria mark is the same as the one below except it is paired with a red decorating mark which is also theirs. This red mark is shown to have ended in 1927, with the beginning date left in question (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 160). The Dresden 3815 would be referring to the pattern since it is on a bowl decorated with the Dresden Flowers. (Pictures contributed by Tina Davis of New Castle, Delaware. The bowl originally belonged to her great grandmother and eventually by her grandmother who was born in 1921 in St. Ingbert, Germany. Her grandmother came to the U.S. in the 1950's, and the bowl is now Tina's.)
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth, Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. c.1903 - ? (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 117) Additional notation in mark, *Decorated in Own Studios*.
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth, Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. Same as above mark except with the added word Germany. Apparently a whiteware mark since it was found on this hand painted plate. Signed, but undated. Probably post-war (after 1945)and possibly c.1950's-60's. See Signature = Hull above for details about this beautiful plate.
	Tirschenreuth, Porcelain Factory Tirschenreuth. Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany. c.1969-Present. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 111). Found on a Love Story Plate, Item #2269
	Tirschenreuth, *Zehendner & Co.,* *Tirschenreuth, Bavaria, Germany.* Though not this exact mark, the one mark mark I can find is shown to be from c.1940 with no ending date. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 165)
	Trimont China, Made in Occupied Japan. The *Occupied Japan* part of the mark dates to the 1945-52 era just after World War II when Japan was occupied by the Allied forces. Item #2785
	Turin Bavaria. No information
	Unger, Schilde, Roschultz,Thuringia, Germany. c.1896-1968. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 191) Picture contributed by SY of Hartford, Connecticut, USA
	Unger, Schneider & Co., Grafenthal, Thuringia, Germany, who established a porcelain factory in 1861. This mark is one of several Grafenthal marks registered in 1879 in the German Trademark of Registry (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, pages 144 and 672). Another source shows this mark to have an ending date of 1887. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 222) Our Item #2555
	Unger = Carl Schneider's Heirs, Grafenthal, Thuringia, Germany, 1887-1972. According to Rontgen, this mark with the added crown was used c.1965-1972 when the factory finally closed. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 119 and 411) Pictures of figurine and its mark contributed by Anne Eckert Valliere of Barre, Vermont, USA.
	UNO IT, Bavaria Germany. (no other information)
	Unterweissbach Porcelain Factory VEB, Unterweissbach, Thuringia, Germany, 1959-1990. (Source: Kovel's and *Rontgen*)
	Veritable Porcelaine D'Art, Limoges, France. Age unknown. Item #2615
	Victoria Porcelain Factory ?? (unsure of this mark, but possibly Victoria)
	Victoria Austria, Victoria Porcelain Factory, Schmidt & Co., Altrohlau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, in business c.1883-1945. This mark was used 1904-1918. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 172 and 374) See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
	Victoria Austria, Victoria Porcelain Factory, Schmidt & Co., *Altrohlau, Bohemia,* Czechoslovakia, in business c.1883-1945. This mark was used 1891-1918 (Sources: Page 59 of Kovel's; and page 17 of Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert; and page 33 of Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen). According to the resources, this mark is believed to be the oldest one used by this factory. See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
	Victoria China Czechoslovakia, Victoria Porcelain Factory, Schmidt & Co. Altrohlau, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia, in business c.1883-1945. This mark was used 1918-1939. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 173 and 374) See our Glossary under Altrohlau, Bohemia, and Czech Republic for some historical information about this region.
(See Austria)	Vienna Porcelain Factory Augarten (See Austria)
	Vista Alegre Portugal, Jose Ferreira Pinto Basto Porcelain Factory, Portugal. Mark used *c.1947-69.* Factory is still in production today and known for producing high-quality luxury porcelain. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain, pages 485-86)
( See Sitzendorfer)	Voigt Brothers. ( See Sitzendorfer)
	Volkstedt, Oldest Volkstedt Porcelain Factory, Thuringia, Germany. Mark used from c.1915. (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, pages 393 and 671; and Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 128)
	Von Schierholz, C. G. Schierholz & Son, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. This mark is shown to have been used c.1865-1911. The name was officially changed from C. G. Schierholz to Von Shierholz in 1912. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, pages 279 and 462).
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. Mark used ??? Haven't been able to date this particular mark. It is different from the others because of the banner below the mark with the word *Schierholz.* We assume it is very early 20th century. *E-mails* welcome.
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. Mark used *beginning in c.1907.* (Source: Kovel's, page 110) An example of this mark without words. Found on this beautiful little basket owned by Barbara DeGrand of Lansing Michigan. Notice Barbara's beautiful photography. Barbara retains the copyright to her pictures.
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. Mark used *beginning in c.1907.* (Source: Kovel's, page 110)
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, *Plaue, Thuringia, Germany.* Mark used c.1914-1930's. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harrans, page 180) Handmalerei is German for hand painted.
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. This particular mark, with the additives on the left and right sides of the shield, was used 1951-1972. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 88).
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, Plaue, Thuringia, Germany. Same as previous mark except for additional words Dresden and Handpainted. Mark used 1951-1972 . (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain by Rontgen, page 88)
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, *Plaue, Thuringia, Germany.* The history of the factory goes back to 1817 and this mark is their Jubilee mark (150 years) put into use from 1967 until 1972. (Sources: Kovel's Dictionary of Marks, page 109; and the Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 367)
	Von Schierholz Porcelain Factory, *Plaue, Thuringia, Germany.* This mark was put into use in 1973 after the factory was nationalized and renamed. It is now known as Porcelain Manufactory Plaue, thus, the PMP part of the mark under the crown. (Source: Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, Revised Edition, 2007, by Rontgen, pages 145 and 462) Pictures contributed by Carolyn Brown of Norfolk, England.
	Wallendorf Porcelain Factory, Wallendorf, Thuringia, Germany. Mark used beginning in 1964 and apparently still in use today (page 153 of Rontgen). Found on this beautiful plate owned by Dawn Pratt of Durban, South Africa. Pictures sent by her daughter, Natasha Burggraaf of Holland.
	Waldershof, Germany, Bavaria N, *Frank Neukirchner Porcelain Works.* Mark used c.1916-1977. Found on our Item #1983. Very similar to tea set pictured 3 rows below.
	Waldershof, Germany, Bavaria N, *Frank Neukirchner Porcelain Works??* I am unsure of this mark, but believe it to be a whiteware mark. Found on our Item #3930 pictured below. E-mail if you can help.
	I am unsure of this mark, but believe it to be a decorating mark, probably Neukirchner. E-mail if you can help. Found on our Item #3930
	Also found stamped over what is apparently a Hutschenreuther whiteware mark. Both marks found on this tea set owned by Joan in Ontario, Canada, who submitted these pictures. Very similar to our Item #1983 pictured 3 rows above.
	Wanamaker, John. We've been told that John Wanamaker was a large department store in Philadelphia and were apparently sellers of Heinrich china. Item #1968 Also importers and sellers of Limoges as shown in next frame.
	Wanamaker, John. *Philadelphia, Paris, New York.* A Wanamaker importer's mark found on a set of Limoges china manufactured and decorated c.1914-1932 by Jean Pouyat of Limoges, France. Mark contributed by D.R.
(See Signatures)	Waterman, M. (See Signatures)
	Wedgwood c.1901-1920 (Source: Collectible Cups and Saucers, Jim and Susan Harran, page 371). Item #2726
	Wedgwood Item #2147
	Wedgwood Embossed Queens Ware Item #2728
	Wedgwood Gold Florentine c.1960's.
	Wedgwood Wellesley Bullfinch Based on the incised *1N45,* we're told by a knowledgeable viewer, Diana, that this mark dates to 1945. *Item #2130*
	Wehsner, Richard, a porcelain decorating studio in business 1895-1956 in Dresden, Germany. (Source: Dresden Porcelain Studios by Harran, page 158)
	W.G.&Co., France, William Guerin & Co., Limoges, France. *c.1891-1900, and possibly even before 1891. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 134). Item #2700
	W.G.&Co., France, William Guerin & Co., Limoges, France. *c.1900-1932. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition,* by Gaston, page 134). *Item #2730*
	W.G.&Co., France, William Guerin & Co., Limoges, France. *c.1900-1932. The dark* mark is a factory whiteware mark for Guerin. The *red mark* is their own decorating mark. (Source: Collector's Encyclopedia of Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, by Gaston, page 134).
	Wheeling Decorating Company, West Virginia. Mark was probably used pre-1925 until just before World War II. (*Source: Wheeling Decorating Co. Identification & Value Guide by James Webster,* page 47)
	Wheeling Decorating Company, West Virginia. Mark possibly put into use c.1916-1919 (late teens). (Source: *Wheeling Decorating Co. Identification & Value Guide by James Webster,* page 48)
	Windsor Bone China Made in England. Co-operative Wholesale Society, Ltd, at Windsor Pottery, *Longton, Staffordshire, England, in business 1946-1964. This mark was used beginning in the* 1950's. (Sources: Kovel's, page 120; Directory of European Porcelain, pages 239-240; and this website: http://www.thepotteries.org/allpotters/300.htm )
	Winterling, Bavaria, Germany. Brothers Winterling Porcelain Factory. One source dates this mark as 1906-1950. Another source (a German produced book) dates it as beginning in 1934. The mark is found on this beautiful little coffee set owned by Lori Robbins of Sweetwater, Tennessee. The set was originally owned by Lori's great grandmother of Bari, Italy. She brought it to the U.S. on one of her trips and is known to have first traveled to the U. S. in 1902 and again in 1925.
	Winterling, Bavaria, Germany. This mark found on a set of china purchased in Germany *before World War II.* The china is decorated with the famous Dresden Flowers, a motif used by several porcelain factories. Pictures contributed by Connie Lefler of Ft. Worth, Texas.
	Wolfshohn, Helena, a porcelain decorating studio in business from *c.1843-???* in Dresden, Germany. This mark is dated to c.1940's. (Source: *Dresden Porcelain Studios* by Harran, page 139)
(See Astoria Royal Bradwell)	Wood, Arthur. (See Astoria Royal Bradwell)
(See Signatures)	Yaples, S. (See Signatures)
(See Tirschenreuth)	Zehendner & Co. (See Tirschenreuth)
	Z. S. & Co., Zeh, Scherzer & Co., Rehau, Bavaria, Germany, and is shown in references as first used in c.1880. (Source: Kovel's New Dictionary of Marks, page 225) Apparently produced whiteware for decoration by outside studios such as Royal Munich, Royal Saxe, etc. Notice the second mark pictured has the word Punch, and is on the plate shown here. I originally thought this to be a pattern name, especially considering the grape motif on the plate -- that made sense. However, I have now heard from two different viewers with plates with this exact Z.&S Punch mark, but each with totally different decoration (pastoral scene, cherubs, etc.), Therefore, I have to assume *Punch* must be the name of the plate mold or perhaps a product line name. I don't have that answer and can only speculate for now. The plate is our Item #2751
Unidentified Marks
*Please e-mail* if you can help identify any of these marks**

	Unidentified. A R Germany. Please e-mail if you can help. Found on this compote owned by NLR in Liberty, South Carolina.
	Bavaria Germany. Unidentified mark. Please e-mail if you know. Found on this coffee set owned by *MC in Hattiesburg, Mississippi.* Beautiful applied gold designs on cobalt blue.
	CN or NC
	Unidentified. First Choice ANF Please e-mail if you know.
	LB Germany. Unknown mark. Unknown Mark found on this coffee set owned by Ruby Wade in Valrico, Florida. Please e-mail if you can identify this mark.
	Unidentified. JTP and anchor. Please e-mail if you can help. Similar to the Davenport marks, a ceramic factory in Longport, England, 1793-1882 (Source: Directory of European Porcelain by Danckert, page 234). The Davenport marks, however, do not include the J.T.P., so this mark still remains a mystery. Also similar to marks by Porsgrund Porcelain Factory of Porsgrunn, Norway, but still not the same. Found on this set of plates from Svetlana and Troy in Michigan.
	Unidentified. Konig B, D. Bavaria. I haven't been able to find this mark in any of the books, but are told that it is for Bernardo, which I also have not been able to find. I believe it is most likely a very new mark. If anyone can help, please e-mail. (This mark was sent to us by C.M.)
	Unidentified. Limoges, France. Similar to Charles Ahrenfeldt, but not exact.
	Unidentified. Limoges, France.
	Unidentified. German.. Possibly an old decorating studio in Dresden. It could also be an attempt to copy the mark of Richard Klemm of Dresden.
	Unidentified. German. Possibly a factory or even an old decorating studio.
	Unidentified. Probably German. The closest we've come to identifying this mark is possibly a version of *Fulda* of Germany, 1763-1780 (page 192 of Kovel's marks of 1650-1850). However, there is enough variance in the mark that it is not a positive I.D. This may have been attempt to copy the Fulda mark.
	Unidentified. Found on a set of plates owned by DB of Mt. Vernon Ohio. See our Q & A posting of March 6, 2008, for details. Update: April 3, 2009 Here is a link that identifies this as transfer tableware known as "Rabbit Ware": Green Castle Museum As you will read on the Green Castle website, Rabbit Ware is costly and difficult to find. As for the porcelain factory that produced it, that is not mentioned, so the porcelain mark continues to be unidentified.
	Unidentified. Possibly German
	Unidentified. Probably Nippon
	Unidentified. Probably Nippon
	Unidentified. Porzellan Imperial Germany.
	Unidentified. Sevres??? or Limoges??? or????
	Unidentified. Probably Victoria Porcelain

Most of these books can be found on www.amazon.com or www.collectorbooks.com.

Bibliography

Antique Limoges at Home, Debby DuBay, 2002, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania.

Bohemian Decorated Porcelain, Dr. James D. Henderson, 1999, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania.

Book of Meissen, Second Edition, Robert E. Rontgen, 1996, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania.

China and Glass in America 1880-1980, Dallas Museum of Art, 2000, Dallas, Texas. DMA Museum Store.

Collectible Cups and Saucers, Book III, Jim and Susan Harran, 2004, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Decorative Plates, Jim and Susan Harran, 2008, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Directory of European Porcelain, Ludwig Danckert and Translated by Rita Kipling, 1995, N.A.G. Press, London (originally published in 1981).

Dresden Porcelain Studios, Jim and Susan Harran, 2002, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Ginni's Collectors Circle & Bohemian Boutique, Ginni D. Snodgrass, http://www.collectorscircle.com/index.htm. Ginni's website is a great resource for marks and history of Bohemian, Czech, and Austrian porcelain. She is also coming out with a book on Royal Vienna fake marks which will be posted on her website.

Keramik-Marken Lexikon,1885-1935 Europa, Dieter Zuhlsdorff, 1994, Arnoldsche Art Publishers, Germany.

Kovels New Dictionary of Marks, Ralph & Terry Kovel, 1986, Crown Publishers, Inc., New York.

Lehner's Encyclopedia of U. S. Marks on Pottery, Porcelain, & Clay, Lois Lehner, 1988, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Limoges Porcelain, Boxes to Vases, Debby DuBay, 2004, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania.

Limoges Porcelain, Third Edition, Mary Frank Gaston, 2000, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Marks on German, Bohemian, and Austrian Porcelain, Robert E. Rontgen, 1997, Schiffer Publishing, Atglen, Pennsylvania, and Revised Edition, 2007.

My Granny's Attic, Michelle Staley. Michelle's website is another great source for porcelain marks and factory history. http://www.mygrannysatticantiques.com/html/pottery__porcelain_and_china_m.htm

Nippon Porcelain Fifth Series, Joan Van Patten, 1998, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Noritake, Joan Van Patten, Values updated 2000, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Pickard China, Alan Reed, 2000, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Pottery and Porcelain Marks, Chad Lage, 2004, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

R. S. Prussia, Fourth Series, Mary Frank Gaston, 1998, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

Wheeling Decorating Co. Identification & Value Guide, James Webster, 2003, Collector Books, Paducah, Kentucky.

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